User:Donald Trung/Xin dynasty coinage

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[[File:S-150 Xin Wang Mang, 9-23, 20mm.jpg|thumb|right|A Huo Quan (貨泉) [[Cash (Chinese coin)|cash coin]].]] '''Xin dynasty coinage''' ([[Traditional Chinese]]: 新朝貨幣) was a system of [[Ancient Chinese coinage]] that replaced the [[Wu Zhu]] [[Cash (Chinese coin)|cash coins]] of the [[Han dynasty]] and was largely based on the [[Zhou dynasty coinage|different types of currencies of the Zhou dynasty]], including [[Knife money]] and [[Spade money]]. During his brief reign, [[Wang Mang]] introduced a total of four major currency reforms which resulted in 37 different kinds of money consisting of different substances ([[tortoise shell]], [[Cowry shell|cowries]], [[gold]], [[silver]], [[copper]]), different patterns (knife, spade, coin), and different denominations (values of 1, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, and 1,000). Eventually Wang Mang was forced to abolish the revived Zhou dynasty coinages in favour of cash coins. But after the fall of the [[Xin dynasty]], the restored Han dynasty reintroduced the Wu Zhu cash coins, but the Huo Quan (貨泉) cash coins introduced during the Xin dynasty would continue to be produced for some time after its fall. == History == [[File:6 Round Coins and 10 Spade Coins.jpg|thumb|left|The 6 round coins and 10 spades introduced during the second monetary reform of [[Wang Mang]].]] === First monetary reforms === [[Wang Mang]] was a nephew of the [[Empress Wang Zhengjun|Dowager Empress Wang]].{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=86–90}} In AD 9, he usurped the throne, and founded the [[Xin Dynasty]].{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=86–90}} He introduced a number of currency reforms which met with varying degrees of success.<ref name="TheBritishMuseumWangMangKnife">{{cite web|url= https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1590596&partId=1|title= knife-money / coin.|date=2006|accessdate=11 March 2020|author= Dr. [[Helen Wang]]|publisher= The [[British Museum]]|language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=86–90}} Many of the newly introduced currencies under Wang Mang had denominations that did not reflect the [[intrinsic value]] of the currency.<ref name="PrimaltrekWangMangXinDynasty">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html#wang_mang|title= Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 § Xin Dynasty (7-23).|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=9 March 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> As an example, a monetary piece may have had a [[nominal value]] of 1000 Wu Zhu cash coins had only an intrinsic value of three or four Wu Zhu cash coins.<ref name="PrimaltrekWangMangXinDynasty"/> In his attempt to restore the ancient institutions of the Zhou dynasty, Wang Mang had issued many different types of money in very many forms.<ref name="CalgaryCoinZhouDynastyCoins">{{cite web|url= http://www.calgarycoin.com/reference/china/china1.htm|title= Chinese Cast Coins - ANCIENT CHINESE COINAGE 700 BC TO 255 BC.|date=1997|accessdate=11 March 2020|author= Robert Kokotailo|publisher= Calgary Coin & Antique Gallery|language=en}}</ref><ref name="PrimaltrekWangMangXinDynasty"/> Because of the unrealistically high nominal value of the money issued under Wang Mang, many Chinese people had turned to casting their own coinages as a response, in order to minimise their losses.<ref name="PrimaltrekWangMangXinDynasty"/> As a countermeasure, however, Wang Mang issued edicts that stipulated very strict punishments for those who were caught privately casting coins during his reign.<ref name="PrimaltrekWangMangXinDynasty"/> The first reform, in AD 7, retained the [[Wu Zhu]] series of cash coins, but reintroduced two versions of the [[knife money]]:{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=86–90}}<ref>ZME Science - [http://www.zmescience.com/other/chinese-money-28032011/ You should know about Chinese knife money.] Last updated on March 28th, 2011 at 1:18 pm by Mihai Andrei. Retrieved: 12 July 2017. </ref> {|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%" !colspan=2| Wang Mang era [[knife money]] |- ! Description !! Image |- | '''Yi Dao Ping Wu Qian''' ({{zh | c=一刀平五千| hp=yīdāo píng wǔqiān| l=One Knife Worth Five Thousand| links=yes}}) on which the Yi Dao characters are inlaid in gold.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=86–90}}<ref>Money Museum - [https://www.moneymuseum.com/en/coins?&id=877 Chinese Empire, Xin Dynasty, Wang Mang, Knife Coin (Value 5000)]. Retrieved: 11 March 2020.</ref> || [[File:A knife coin of Wang Mang.jpg|75px]] |- | '''Qi Dao Wu Bai''' ({{zh | c=契刀五百| hp=qì dāo wǔbǎi| l=Inscribed Knife Five Hundred| links=no}}){{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=86–90}} || |} Unlike the Yi Dao Ping Wu Qian knives, the inscription of the Qi Dao Wu Bao knives aren’t inlaid with gold.<ref name="PrimaltrekWangMangXinDynasty"/> The nominal value of the Qi Dao Wu Bao knives was 500 Wu Zhu cash coins.<ref name="PrimaltrekWangMangXinDynasty"/> === Second monetary reforms === Between AD 9 and 10 he introduced an impossibly complex system involving [[tortoiseshell material|tortoise shell]], [[cowrie]]s, gold, silver, six round copper coins, and a reintroduction of the [[spade money]] in ten denominations.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=86–90}} '''The Six Coins (六泉). AD 9–14.''' * Xiao Quan Zhi Yi ({{zh | c=小泉直一| hp=xiǎoquán zhí yī| l=Small Coin, Value One| links=no}}) * Yao Quan Yi Shi ({{zh | c=么泉一十| hp=yǎo quán yīshí| l=Baby Coin, Ten| links=no}}) * You Quan Er Shi ({{zh | c=幼泉二十| hp=yòu quán èrshí| l=Juvenile Coin, Twenty| links=no}}) * Zhong Quan San Shi ({{zh | c=中泉三十| hp=zhōng quán sānshí| l=Middle Coin, Thirty| links=no}}) * Zhuang Quan Si Shi ({{zh | c=壯泉四十| hp=zhuàng quán sìshí| l=Adult Coin, Forty| links=no}}) * Da Quan Wu Shi ({{zh | c=大泉五十| hp=dàquán wǔshí| l=| links=no}}) is a round coin with a nominal value of fifty Wu Zhu. The "Small Coin, Value One" and "Large Coin, Fifty" cash coins are fairly common, but all the other cash coins of the "six coins" are rare today. The Daquan Wushi (大泉五十, "Large Coin, Fifty") exists in many sizes and varieties.<ref name="PrimaltrekWangMangXinDynasty"/> Some rarer Daquan Wushi have a ''si chu'' (四出) design, this design has four outward lines extending from the square centre hole towards the outer rim.<ref name="PrimaltrekWangMangXinDynasty"/> '''The Ten Spades (十布). AD 10–14.''' * Xiao Bu Yi Bai ({{zh | c=小布一百| hp=xiǎo bù yībǎi| l=Small Spade, One Hundred| links=no}}) * Yao Bu Er Bai ({{zh | c=么布二百| hp=yǎo bù èrbǎi| l=Baby Spade, Two Hundred| links=no}}) * You Bu San Bai ({{zh | c=幼布三百| hp=yòu bù sānbǎi| l=Juvenile Spade, Three Hundred| links=no}}) * Xu Bu Si Bai ({{zh | c=序布四百| hp=xù bù sìbǎi| l=Ordered Spade, Four Hundred| links=no}}) * Cha Bu Wu Bai ({{zh | c=差布五百| hp=chà bù wǔbǎi| l=Servant Spade, Five Hundred| links=no}}) * Zhong Bu Liu Bai ({{zh | c=中布六百| hp=zhōng bù liùbǎi| l=Middle Spade, Six Hundred| links=no}}) * Zhuang Bu Qi Bai ({{zh | c=壯布七百| hp=zhuàng bù qībǎi| l=Adult Spade, Seven Hundred| links=no}}) * Di Bu Ba Bai ({{zh | c=第布八百| hp=dì bù bābǎi| l=Graduate Spade, Eight Hundred| links=no}}) * Ci Bu Jiu Bai ({{zh | c=次布九百| hp=cì bù jiǔbǎi| l=Lower Spade, Nine Hundred| links=no}}) * Da Bu Heng Qian ({{zh | c=大布衡千| hp=dà bù héng qiān| l=Large Spade, Weight One Thousand| links=no}}) The Chinese [[seal script]] characters in the inscriptions of these spades are read in the following order: top right, top left, bottom right, bottom left.<ref name="PrimaltrekSpadeCharms">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/spade.html|title= Chinese Spade Charms - 布幣.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=9 March 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}</ref><ref>2-Clicks COINS [http://www.2-clicks-coins.com/article/chinese-spade-coins.html Chinese spade coins. Derived from a farmer's tool, different variations of spade money were used as forms of coinage in ancient China. This early form of currency became the foundation of succeeding coins minted in China.] Copyright © 2-Clicks Coins 2016. Retrieved: 12 July 2017.</ref><ref>[https://www.amazon.com/early-coins-Chou-dynasty/dp/0880000104 The early coins of the Chou dynasty]. Author: Arthur Braddan Coole. Publisher: Boston : Quarterman Publications [1973] ©1973.</ref> This denomination of this spade money was equivalent to their face value in Wu Zhu cash coins.<ref name="PrimaltrekSpadeCharms"/> According to the History of Han:{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=86–90}} {{Quote box | quote =The people became bewildered and confused, and these coins did not circulate. They secretly used Wu Zhu coins for their purchases. Wang Mang was very concerned at this and issued the following decree: <blockquote style="font-size:inherit">Those who dare to oppose the court system and those who dare to use Wu Zhus surreptitiously to deceive the people and equally the spirits will all be exiled to the Four Frontiers and be at the mercy of devils and demons.</blockquote> The result of this was that trade and agriculture languished, and food became scarce. People went about crying in the markets and the highways, the numbers of sufferers being untold. | source = - David Hartill - ''Cast Chinese Coins'' (September 22, 2005). | width = 75% | align = center }} === Third monetary reforms === In AD 14, all these tokens were abolished, and replaced by another type of spade coin and new round coins.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=86–90}} * '''Huo Bu''' ({{zh | c=貨布| hp=huò bù| l=Money Spade| links=no}}) * '''Huo Quan''' ({{zh | c=貨泉| hp=huòquán| l=Wealth/Money Coin| links=no}}) ==== Huo Bu spades ==== The inscription of the Huo Bu is read from [[right to left]] with the seal script on the right is "Huo" (貨) which translates as "Money" and the character on the left is "Bu" (布) which translates as "Spade".<ref name="PrimaltrekSpadeCharms"/> The Wang Mang era spades have a lot of similarities with the spade money cast during the [[Warring States period]].<ref name="PrimaltrekSpadeCharms"/> A major difference between this spade money and the earlier Zhou dynasty version is the addition of the hole at the top of the spade.<ref name="PrimaltrekSpadeCharms"/> These spade coins had the nominal value (or "equivalent value") of 25 cash coins.<ref name="PrimaltrekWangMangXinDynasty"/> ==== Huo Quan cash coins ==== The most common form of money produced during the Wang Mang era in [[History of China|Chinese history]] is the Huo Quan (貨泉) series of cash coins which exists in many different varieties, sizes, and weights.<ref name="PrimaltrekWangMangXinDynasty"/> The smallest specimens of Huo Quan cash coins can weigh less than 2 grams while the heaviest of this series can weigh between 10-20 grams or more.<ref name="PrimaltrekWangMangXinDynasty"/> The very light Huo Quan coins were probably privately cast cash coins, as had happened earlier with the lighter Wu Zhu cash coins during the Han dynasty.<ref name="PrimaltrekWangMangXinDynasty"/> The heavier Huo Quan cash pieces were most likely produced during the final few years of the Wang Mang reign.<ref name="PrimaltrekWangMangXinDynasty"/> Most of these heavier Huo Quan cash have been excavated in an area east of [[Baoji]], [[Shanxi]] and west of the city of [[Xi'an]], Shanxi (which known in more ancient times as [[Chang'an]], which for a long time was the capital of [[imperial China]]).<ref name="PrimaltrekWangMangXinDynasty"/> Because these heavier Huo Quan cash coins tend to bulge outward, they are popularly referred to as [[Bingqian|"cake money" or "biscuit money"]] in China.<ref name="PrimaltrekWangMangXinDynasty"/> The designs of these cash coins are not very uniform and they tend to differ drastically in size, weight, as well as in [[Chinese calligraphy]].<ref name="PrimaltrekWangMangXinDynasty"/> These more heavy "cake coins" would probably not have been valued the same on the market as the standard Huo Quan cash coins in contemporary on the market.<ref name="PrimaltrekWangMangXinDynasty"/> Their actual value was probably determined according to their weight as opposed to any written denominations.<ref name="PrimaltrekWangMangXinDynasty"/> Specimens of Huo Quan cash coins exist which are made of [[iron]] or [[iron-alloy]]s. Some of these Huo Quan cash coins tend to have no inscription at all.<ref name="PrimaltrekWangMangXinDynasty"/> Others Huo Quan cash coins exist as two cash coins that are joined together because during their production process they were never chiselled apart from each other after being removed from the coin mould.<ref name="PrimaltrekWangMangXinDynasty"/> According to Schjöth, Wang Mang wished to displace the Wu Zhu currency of the Western Han, owing, it is said, to his prejudice to the '' jin'' ({{zh | c=金| hp=jīn| l=gold| links=no}}) radical in the character ''zhu'' ({{zh | c=銖| hp=zhū| l=| links=no}}) of this inscription, which was a component part of the character Liu, the family name of the rulers of the House of Han, whose descendant Wang Mang had just dethroned. And so he introduced the ''Huo Quan'' currency.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=86–90}} One of the reasons, again, that this coin circulated for several years into the succeeding dynasty was, so the chroniclers say, the fact that the character ''quan'' ({{zh | c=泉| hp=quán| l=| links=no}}) in the inscription consisted of the two component parts ''bai'' ({{zh | c=白| hp=bái| l=white| links=no}}) and ''shui'' ({{zh | c=水| hp=shuǐ| l=water| links=no}}), which happened to be the name of the village, Bai Shui in Henan, in which the [[Emperor Guangwu of Han|Emperor Guang Wu]], who founded the Eastern Han, was born. This circumstance lent a charm to this coin and prolonged its time of circulation.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=86–90}} === Fourth monetary reforms === * '''Bu Quan''' ({{zh | c=布泉| hp=bù quán| l=Spade Coin| links=no}}) was the third type of (what is classified as a form of) "[[spade money]]" introduced during these monetary reforms, this coin was the "Spade Coin".<ref name="PrimaltrekWangMangXinDynasty"/> Despite their name, these coins aren’t shaped like the other forms of Wang Mang era spade money.<ref name="PrimaltrekWangMangXinDynasty"/> However, this "Spade coin" is actually a traditional Chinese cash coin (having a round shape with a square centre hole).<ref name="PrimaltrekWangMangXinDynasty"/> The Bu Quan cash coins were known later as the ''Nan Qian'' ({{zh | c=男錢| hp=nán qián| l=Male Cash| links=no}}), from the belief that if a woman wore this on her sash, she would give birth to a boy.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=86–90}} The Bu Quan cash coins today are not as rare as the earlier Wang Mang spade coins.<ref name="PrimaltrekWangMangXinDynasty"/> === Aftermath === Eventually, Wang Mang's unsuccessful reforms provoked an uprising, and he was killed by rebels in AD 23.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=86–90}} The Huo Quan did indeed continue to be minted after the death of Wang Mang – a mould dated AD 40 is known.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=86–90}} == List of Xin dynasty cash coins by inscription == {{See also|List of Chinese cash coins by inscription}} List of cash coins issued by the [[Xin dynasty]]:<ref>The Numismatic Legacy of Wang Mang, AD 9 - 23 (Ancient Cast Chinese Coins Series - Lidai Guqian) by Heinz Gratzer and A.M. Fishman. Published: 20 March 2017. {{ISBN|1540437299}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://kongming.net/novel/coins/xin_normal/|title= Ancient Chinese Coins: Xin Dynasty Normal Coins.|date=2006|accessdate=3 September 2018|work= Content and photographs by Adrian Loder, archives hosted by James Peirce (Kongming's Archives).|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://kongming.net/novel/coins/xin_shuiyingu/|title= Ancient Chinese Coins: Xin Dynasty Shuiyin Gu.|date=2006|accessdate=3 September 2018|work= Content and photographs by Adrian Loder, archives hosted by James Peirce (Kongming's Archives).|language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=86–90}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Hanyu pinyin]] !! Literal translation !! Years of production !! [[Emperor of China|Emperor]] !! Image |- | colspan=7 align="center" style="background:#efefef;" | '''The Six Round Coins (series 9–14)''' |- | Xiao Quan Zhi Yi || 小泉直一 || xiǎoquán zhí yī || "Small Coin, Value One" || 9–14 || [[Wang Mang]] || [[File:Xiao Quan Zhi Yi - Scott Semans (Cropped).png|75px]] |- | Yao Quan Yi Shi || 么泉一十 || yǎo quán yīshí || "Baby Coin, Ten" || 9–14 || Wang Mang || |- | You Quan Er Shi || 幼泉二十 || yòu quán èrshí || "Juvenile Coin, Twenty" || 9–14 || Wang Mang || |- | Zhong Quan San Shi || 中泉三十 || zhōng quán sānshí || "Middle Coin, Thirty" || 9–14 || Wang Mang || [[File:Zhong Quan San Shi (中泉三十) - Scott Semans.jpg|75px]] |- | Zhuang Quan Si Shi || 壯泉四十 || zhuàng quán sìshí || "Adult Coin, Forty" || 9–14 || Wang Mang || |- | Da Quan Wu Shi || 大泉五十 || dàquán wǔshí || "Large coin with a nominal value of fifty (Wu Zhu cash coins)" || 9–14 || Wang Mang || [[File:Da Quan Wu Shi, flat top Da.jpg|75px]] |- | colspan=7 align="center" style="background:#efefef;" | '''Later issues''' |- | Huo Quan || 貨泉 || huòquán || "Wealth/Money Coin" || 14–23 || Wang Mang || [[File:S-150 Xin Wang Mang, 9-23, 20mm.jpg|75px]] |- | Bu Quan || 布泉 || bù quán || "Spade Coin" || 14–23 || Wang Mang || [[File:Bu Quan - Scott Semans.jpg|75px]] |} == Controversial Wang Mang era coinages == During the Wang Mang era there are two different forms of currency created during this period which had been debated among Chinese coin collectors because of some issues which make them controversial.<ref name="PrimaltrekWangMangXinDynasty"/> === Guobao Jinkui Zhiwan === The Guobao Jinkui Zhiwan ({{zh|t= 國寶金匱直萬|s=国宝金匮直万| hp= guó bǎo jīn kuì zhí wàn| links=yes}}, "National treasure gold deficiency, value ten thousand") is an usual piece of coinage attributed to Wang Mang, it's a piece of currency that resembles neither a traditional Chinese cash coin nor any other type of ancient Chinese currency shape such as a spade or knife.<ref name="PrimaltrekWangMangXinDynasty"/> The Guobao Jinkui Zhiwan coinage has a round top portion and a square lower portion.<ref name="PrimaltrekWangMangXinDynasty"/> The inscription "Guobao Jinkuo" surrounding the square hole located at the top portion is written in a rather unusual order going first top, then left, then right, and then bottom.<ref name="PrimaltrekWangMangXinDynasty"/> There are two Chinese [[seal script]] characters located on the lower part of the Guobao Jinkui Zhiwan piece which are read from top to bottom as Zhiwan (直萬), which translates into [[English language|English]] "value ten thousand".<ref name="PrimaltrekWangMangXinDynasty"/> Some Chinese numismatists hypothesise that this piece was not intended to be a form of circlulating money but rather as an emblem symbolising that Emperor Wang Mang was in the possession of several 10,000 ''[[Catty|jin]]'' of gold.<ref name="PrimaltrekWangMangXinDynasty"/> Meanwhile other Chinese numismatists hypothesise that the Guobao Jinkui Zhiwan really was intended to be a form of money, but that because its stated face value was so large it never officially circulated in China.<ref name="PrimaltrekWangMangXinDynasty"/> It is not known how many authentic Guobao Jinkui Zhiwan pieces there actually are, as the number of fake pieces seems to be unlimited, some Chinese numismatic reference books mention only a single authentic piece being known to exist, while other Chinese numismatic reference sources state that there exist two known Guobao Jinkui Zhiwan pieces, while other Chinese numismatic sources mention the existence of two whole pieces and a half piece.<ref name="PrimaltrekWangMangXinDynasty"/> The "half" piece mentioned by these sources apparently only refers to one specimen for which only the top portion exists, while the "bottom half" is still missing.<ref name="PrimaltrekWangMangXinDynasty"/> One reference book states that one of the specimens was unearthed in the year 1921 in a field somewhere northwest of the city of [[Xi'an]], [[Shanxi]] (which was formerly known as [[Chang'an]] in imperial China), the former site of central government offices at the end of the [[Han dynasty]].<ref name="PrimaltrekWangMangXinDynasty"/> === Xinbu Shiyi Zhu === The second piece of Wang Mang currency that currently remains embroiled in controversy among Chinese numismatists and Chinese coin collectors is a coin that has the inscription Xinbu Shiyi Zhu ({{zh|t=新布十一銖 |s=新布十一铢 | hp=xīn bù shí yī zhū | links=no}}, "new spade eleven zhu").<ref name="PrimaltrekWangMangXinDynasty"/> Of this coin the only known authentic example of it is located at the [[National Museum of China]] in the city of [[Beijing]].<ref name="PrimaltrekWangMangXinDynasty"/> Some Chinese numismatists are suspicious that the Xinbu Shiyi Zhu is in fact fake, they believe this because the [[Chinese calligraphy]] is different from any other Wang Mang era coinage and also the coin has four diagonal lines ({{zh|t= 四出 |s= | hp= sì chū| links=no}}) that extend from the four corners of the square centre hole.<ref name="PrimaltrekWangMangXinDynasty"/> == Chinese charms based on Xin dynasty coinage == {{Main|Chinese numismatic charm}} [[File:Huo Quan charm (貨泉花錢) - Scott Semans.jpg|thumb|right|A Huo Quan [[Chinese numismatic charm|charm]] (貨泉花錢) produced during the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] or [[Manchu people|Manchu]] [[Qing dynasty]], thess charms were typically used as clothing accessories.]] Huo Quan cash coins, like the earlier [[Ban Liang]], [[San Zhu]], and [[Wu Zhu]] cash coins reflected the early emergence of Chinese numismatic charms as a number of them contained marks that resemble "stars", "suns", and "moons".<ref name="PrimaltrekWangMangXinDynasty"/> The inscription of Huo Quan cash coins is read from [[right to left]] and they were cast beginning in the year 14 AD.<ref name="PrimaltrekEmergenceOfChineseCharms">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/charmcoins.html#biscuit|title= Emergence of Chinese Charms - Symbols Begin to Appear on Chinese Coins.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=14 February 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> Like the later [[Bingqian]], some heave Huo Quan cash coins have four diagonal lines protruding (or radiating) from the corners of the square centre hole of the coin, while uniquely to these cash coins, they can have large blobs situated both above and below the square centre hole.<ref name="PrimaltrekEmergenceOfChineseCharms"/> It is suspected that these Wang Mang era Bingqian might be an early form of [[Chinese numismatic charm]]s, but the exact meaning of these symbols remain to be discovered.<ref name="PrimaltrekEmergenceOfChineseCharms"/> Huo Quan Bingqian can have a diameter of 23.3 millimeters and a weight of 7 grams, making them heavier than the standard issue Huo Quan cash coins.<ref name="PrimaltrekEmergenceOfChineseCharms"/> Because of their distinctive shapes and designs the various Xin dynasty coinages served as inspiration for many different types of [Chinese numismatic charms for millenia after get fall of the Xin dynasty.<ref name="PrimaltrekEmergenceOfChineseCharms"/> === Chinese numismatic charms based on Xin dynasty spade money === [[File:91619 SMVK EM objekt 1005608 (1).jpg|thumb|left|A Chinese [[spade charm]] based on a Wang Mang's Xin dynasty era spade coin on display at the [[Museum of Ethnography, Sweden]].]] One of the more distinctive shapes of Chinese numismatic charms is based on Wang Mang's [[spade money]].<ref name="PrimaltrekSpadeCharms"/> These [[spade charm]]s tend to be very similar to the Wang Mang era spade money, but may contain different inscriptions and designs.<ref name="PrimaltrekSpadeCharms"/> On the obverse and reverse sides of some of these spade charms a major feature is that they have a double line rim on its outer edge and down the centre.<ref name="PrimaltrekSpadeCharms"/> The Wang Mang spades upon which these spade charms are based use only a single line for its outer rim and centre inner line.<ref name="PrimaltrekSpadeCharms"/> During the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|early years of the Republic of China]] sometime after 1911 (or possibly in [[Japan]]) a new type of Chinese spade charm was created.<ref name="PrimaltrekHuoBuCharm">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/05/01/huo-bu-charm/|title= Huo Bu Charm.|date=1 May 2011|accessdate=10 March 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> It has the same Chinese seal script inscription "Huo Bu" (貨布) as the original Wang Mang spade coin upon which these numismatic charms based.<ref name="PrimaltrekHuoBuCharm"/> These spade charms are much, much bigger in size than the original spade money.<ref name="PrimaltrekHuoBuCharm"/> Just above the Chinese seal script characters is an illustration of the seven star "[[Big Dipper]]" constellation.<ref name="PrimaltrekHuoBuCharm"/> On these charms there is an image of a [[snake]] on the lower right foot of the spade as well as a "[[Jin Chan|three-legged toad]]" located on the left foot.<ref name="PrimaltrekHuoBuCharm"/> The reverse side of these charms have the "sun" (the dot) and "moon" (represented by a crescent) at the upper left area of the spade.<ref name="PrimaltrekHuoBuCharm"/> At the upper right part of these pieces are three stars that are connected by a line, these three stars refer to the [[Sanxing (deities)|Sanxing]].<ref name="PrimaltrekHuoBuCharm"/> There are also two "[[Human]] (or humanoid) figures" on these charms that are of unknown origin and its not clear which people (or deities) they represent.<ref name="PrimaltrekHuoBuCharm"/> On the right foot of these spade charms there may be a [[heron]] (or an [[egret]]).<ref name="PrimaltrekHuoBuCharm"/>

Hoards of Xin dynasty coins[edit]

* On 16 July 2012 a large cache of 14,000 [[Ancient Chinese coinage|ancient Chinese coins]] was found in [[Kuqa County|Kuqa]], [[Xinjiang]] which included [[Han dynasty]] era Wu Zhu (五銖) and "Chiseled rim Wu Zhu" (鑿邊五銖) cash coins, [[Xin dynasty]] era Huo Quan (貨泉) and Daquan Wushi (大泉五十) cash coins, a [[Three Kingdoms period]] Taiping Baiqian (太平百錢) cash coins, as well as [[Kucha coinage|native cash coins]]. Alongside the cash coins were shards of pottery as well as fragments of [[human bones]] which lead the archeologists believe that this was an old cemetery.<ref name="primaltrek-kucha-hoard">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2012/08/30/largest-cache-of-ancient-coins-unearthed-in-xinjiang-province/|title= Largest Cache of Ancient Coins Unearthed in Xinjiang Province.|date=30 August 2012|accessdate=3 September 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> * It was announced on January 18, 2016 by the [[Research Center of Dolmens in Northeast Asia]] that over fifty Huo Quan (貨泉, 화천, ''hwacheon'') cash coins cast under Wang Mang were unearthed inside of a tomb that is located in [[Gwangju]], [[Jeollanam-do Province]] in the southwest of [[South Korea]]. There is minor evidence that these coins might've been used for the [[international trade]] of the time.<ref name="KoreaNetHwacheon">{{cite web|url= http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Culture/view?articleId=132070|title= 2,000-year-old Chinese coins unearthed in Gwangju.|date=21 January 2016|accessdate=30 September 2019|author= Lee Hana|publisher= [[Korea.net]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name="PrimaltrekKoreanTomb">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2016/01/23/xin-dynasty-coins-found-in-korean-tomb/|title=Xin Dynasty Coins Found in Korean Tomb.|date=23 January 2016|accessdate=5 September 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

Wrong first draft (South Korean findings)[edit]

* On January 18, 2016 it was announced by the Research Center of Dolmens in [[Northeast Asia]] indicates that the tomb is located in Gwangju, Jeollanam-do Province in the southwest of South Korea. era ''hwacheon'' (貨泉, 화천) cash have been unearthed in tombs in modern Korea there is minor evidence that these coins might've been used for the [[international trade]] of the time.<ref name="KoreaNetHwacheon">{{cite web|url= http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Culture/view?articleId=132070|title= 2,000-year-old Chinese coins unearthed in Gwangju.|date=21 January 2016|accessdate=30 September 2019|author= Lee Hana|publisher= [[Korea.net]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name="PrimaltrekKoreanTomb">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2016/01/23/xin-dynasty-coins-found-in-korean-tomb/|title=Xin Dynasty Coins Found in Korean Tomb.|date=23 January 2016|accessdate=5 September 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

== References == {{Reflist}} == Sources == * Hartill, David (September 22, 2005). ''Cast Chinese Coins''. [[Trafford]], [[United Kingdom]]: Trafford Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1412054669}}. * [[Helen Wang|Wang, Helen]], ''The Reverend Ernest S. Box. An Englishman's Collection of Chinese Coins,'' The Oriental Ceramic Society Newsletter, [[London]], [[Oriental Ceramic Society]], 1997. {{Commons category|Coins of the Xin Dynasty}} {{n-start}} {{n-before|currency=[[Wu Zhu]] [[Cash (Chinese coin)|cash coins]]|reason=Collapse of the [[Han dynasty]].}} {{n-currency|location=[[History of China|China]]|start=9|end=23}} {{n-after|currency=Wu Zhu cash coins|reason=Restoration of the Han dynasty.}} {{n-end}} {{Chinese currency and coinage}} {{S&T in China}} [[:Category:Coins of ancient China]] [[:Category:Cash coins]] [[:Category:Chinese numismatics]] .

Standard reference templates[edit]

March 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= March 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
February 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= February 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
January 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
December 2019.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2019|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
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To use[edit]

  • <ref name="HoreshQing">{{cite web|url= https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-981-10-0622-7_54-1|title= The Monetary System of China under the Qing Dynasty.|date=28 September 2018|accessdate=29 July 2019|author= [[Niv Horesh]]|publisher= [[Springer Nature|Springer Link]]|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="HoreshQing"/>
  • <ref name="PrimalQing">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html#qing_dynasty_coins|title= Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 - Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty (1644-1911)|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=30 June 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="PrimalQing"/>
  • <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/01/08/the-king-of-qing-dynasty-coins/|title=The King of Qing Dynasty Coins.|date=8 January 2013|accessdate=8 January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins"/>
  • <ref name="CambridgeInflation">{{cite web|url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/hsienfeng-inflation/54A8F1ADDC871CC18F4DCFA828730DEB|title= The Hsien-Fêng Inflation (Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 December 2009).|date=October 1958|accessdate=28 July 2019|author= Jerome Ch'ên|publisher= [[SOAS University of London]]|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="CambridgeInflation"/>
  • <ref name="Brill2015">[https://www.academia.edu/28400259/_Silver_Copper_Rice_and_Debt_Monetary_Policy_and_Office_Selling_in_China_during_the_Taiping_Rebellion_in_Money_in_Asia_1200_1900_Small_Currencies_in_Social_and_Political_Contexts_ed._by_Jane_Kate_Leonard_and_Ulrich_Theobald_Leiden_Brill_2015_343-395 “Silver, Copper, Rice, and Debt: Monetary Policy and Office Selling in China during the Taiping Rebellion,” in Money in Asia (1200–1900): Small Currencies in Social and Political Contexts, ed.] by Jane Kate Leonard and Ulrich Theobald, [[Leiden]]: Brill, 2015, 343-395.</ref>
    • <ref name="Brill2015"/>
  • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa">{{cite web|url= http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/41940/1/WP159.pdf|title= Money and Monetary System in China in the 19th-20th Century: An Overview. (Working Papers No. 159/12)|date=January 2012|accessdate=26 January 2020|author= Debin Ma|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics]]|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa"/>
  • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan">{{cite web|url= http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3307/1/Yan_In_Search_of_Power.pdf|title= In Search of Power and Credibility - Essays on Chinese Monetary History (1851-1845).|date=March 2015|accessdate=8 February 2020|author= Xun Yan|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]]||language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/>

More sources[edit]

  • <ref name="PrimaltrekWangMangXinDynasty">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html#wang_mang|title= Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 § Xin Dynasty (7-23).|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=9 March 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="PrimaltrekSpadeCharms">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/spade.html|title= Chinese Spade Charms - 布幣.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=9 March 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}</ref><ref>2-Clicks COINS [http://www.2-clicks-coins.com/article/chinese-spade-coins.html Chinese spade coins. Derived from a farmer's tool, different variations of spade money were used as forms of coinage in ancient China. This early form of currency became the foundation of succeeding coins minted in China.] Copyright © 2-Clicks Coins 2016. Retrieved: 12 July 2017.</ref><ref>[https://www.amazon.com/early-coins-Chou-dynasty/dp/0880000104 The early coins of the Chou dynasty]. Author: Arthur Braddan Coole. Publisher: Boston : Quarterman Publications [1973] ©1973.</ref>
  • <ref name="PrimaltrekHuoBuCharm">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/05/01/huo-bu-charm/|title= Huo Bu Charm.|date=1 May 2011|accessdate=10 March 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
  • http://www.calgarycoin.com/reference/china/china1.htm
    • <ref name="CalgaryCoinZhouDynastyCoins">{{cite web|url= http://www.calgarycoin.com/reference/china/china1.htm|title= Chinese Cast Coins - ANCIENT CHINESE COINAGE 700 BC TO 255 BC.|date=1997|accessdate=11 March 2020|author= Robert Kokotailo|publisher= Calgary Coin & Antique Gallery|language=en}}</ref>
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