User:Gibmetal77/sandbox/Algeciras
Algeciras | |
|---|---|
 | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
 Municipal location in the Province of Cádiz | |
  Algeciras Location in Andalusia | |
| Coordinates: 36°7′39″N 5°27′14″W / 36.12750°N 5.45389°W | |
| Country |  Spain |
| Autonomous community |  Andalusia |
| Province | Cádiz |
| Comarca | Campo de Gibraltar |
| Judicial district | Algeciras |
| Founded | Pre-Roman |
| Government | |
| • Alcalde | José Ignacio Landaluce Calleja (2011) (PP) |
| Area | |
| • Municipality | 86 km2 (33 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 20 m (70 ft) |
| Population (2009) | |
| • Municipality | 116,209 |
| • Density | 1,400/km2 (3,500/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 263,739 |
| Demonym(s) | Algecireño, ña, Especial |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 11200-11209 |
| Dialing code | (+34) 956/856 |
| Website | Official website |
Algeciras (Spanish pronunciation: [alxeˈθiɾas]) is a port city in the south of Spain, and is the largest city on the Bay of Gibraltar (in Spanish, the Bahía de Algeciras). The Port of Algeciras is one of the largest ports in Europe and in the world in three categories: container, cargo and transhipment. It is situated 20 km north-east of Tarifa on the Río de la Miel, which is the southernmost river of the Iberian peninsula and continental Europe. In 2009 it had a population of 116,209 people.
It is the biggest city among its metropolitan area, that also includes the municipalities of Los Barrios, La Línea de la Concepción, Castellar de la Frontera, Jimena de la Frontera, San Roque and Tarifa, with a population of 263,739.[1]
Algeciras es un municipio español de la comunidad autónoma de Andalucía. Perteneciente a la provincia de Cádiz, es la mayor ciudad del Campo de Gibraltar y la sede de la mancomunidad de municipios de dicha comarca, junto con los cuales forma su área metropolitana.3 Está situada en la bahía de Algeciras, un enclave geográfico estratégico por hallarse en el estrecho de Gibraltar, lugar de contacto entre el mar Mediterráneo y el océano Atlántico. Esta situación ha originado que posea el puerto marítimo con mayor tránsito de mercancías de España.4
En el año 2011 contaba con 117.810 habitantes y una densidad de población de 1.371,47 hab/km²5 en un término municipal con una superficie de 85,9 km² a una altitud media de 20 msnm.6 Por su población Algeciras es el undécimo municipio de Andalucía y el tercero de la provincia tras Jerez de la Frontera y Cádiz respectivamente.7 Es la ciudad más poblada del Campo de Gibraltar con una economía basada en su situación de nodo de comunicaciones con África y las industrias existentes en la comarca. El tejido industrial químico-metalúrgico del Campo de Gibraltar constituye el núcleo industrial más importante de Andalucía, y segundo de España.8 El motor económico de la ciudad es sin embargo su puerto, uno de los más importantes de España y de mayor crecimiento del mundo, particularmente en cuanto a tráfico de contenedores,9 y que a su vez ocupa el primer puesto de tráfico de contenedores y buques del Mar Mediterráneo.10 11
El primer asentamiento del que se tiene constancia en la ciudad es el de la ciudad romana de Iulia Traducta poblada al menos desde el siglo I y con una importante industria relacionada con la elaboración de productos del mar que le permite mantener relaciones comerciales con diversos puertos mediterráneos.12 Algeciras pierde parte de su importancia durante el siglo IV para ser refundada en 712, con el nombre de Al-Yazirat Al-Hadra, la primera ciudad fundada en la península ibérica por los musulmanes.13
La Edad Media marca la etapa en la que la ciudad adquiere el mayor protagonismo histórico al ser puerta de entrada desde África para las sucesivas invasiones acaecidas en Al-Ándalus. De este modo almorávides, almohades y benimerines utilizan la ciudad como cabeza de puente para su entrada en Europa. Esta circunstancia provoca también que la ciudad sufra tres asedios por parte de Castilla hasta su conquista en 1344.14 Años más tarde Algeciras será de nuevo conquistada por nazaríes granadinos y destruida totalmente en 1379.15
La ciudad renace en 1704 cuando refugiados procedentes de Gibraltar se asientan en la antigua medina. Desde la adquisición de la municipalidad en 1755 hasta la actualidad la ciudad ha participado en varios de los más importantes acontecimientos de la historia de España, los asedios a Gibraltar, la Guerra de la Independencia, la Revolución Cantonal o la Guerra de África albergando en 1906 la Conferencia Internacional sobre Marruecos donde se trataría la repartición de Marruecos.16 El siglo XX ha supuesto la transformación de Algeciras de un pequeño pueblo dedicado a la pesca a una de las principales ciudades portuarias del Mediterráneo y nexo de unión entre Europa y África.
Algeciras is a Spanish municipality in the autonomous community of Andalusia. It belongs to the province of Cádiz, is the largest city in the Campo de Gibraltar and the headquarters of the Association of Municipalities of the region, together with which it forms its metropolitana.3 area is located in the Bay of Algeciras, a strategic geographical location found in the Straits of Gibraltar, the site of contact between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. This situation has led to having the busiest seaport with merchandise Spain.4
In 2011 it had 117,810 inhabitants and a population density of 1371.47 inhabitants / km ² 5 in a municipality with an area of 85.9 km ² at an average altitude of 20 msnm.6 In population Algeciras is the eleventh municipality Andalusia and the third in the province after Jerez and Cadiz respectively.7 is the most populous city of Gibraltar with an economy based on your situation node communications with Africa and existing industries in the region. The chemical-metallurgical industrial fabric of Gibraltar is the major industrial center of Andalusia, and second España.8 The city's economic engine, however, is its port, one of Spain's most important and fastest growing in the world particularly in terms of container traffic, 9 and that in turn is at the top of container traffic and 11 vessels Mediterráneo.10 Sea
The first settlement on record in the city is the Roman city of Iulia Traducta populated at least from the first century and an important industry related to the development of seafood you to maintain business relationships with various Mediterranean ports Algeciras 12 loses some of its importance in the fourth century to be refounded in 712, under the name of Al-Hadra Al-Yazirat, the first city founded in the Iberian Peninsula by musulmanes.13
The Middle Ages marks the stage at which the city acquires greater prominence to be historical gateway from Africa to the successive invasions occurred in Al-Andalus. Thus Almoravids, Almohads and benimerines use the city as a bridgehead for entry into Europe. This fact causes that the city also suffers three sieges by Castilla until its conquest in 1344.14 Years later Algeciras will again conquered by Nazari Granada and completely destroyed in 1379.15
The city is reborn in 1704 when refugees from Gibraltar settle in the old medina. Since the acquisition of the municipality in 1755 until today the city has participated in several of the most important events in the history of Spain, the sieges of Gibraltar, the War of Independence, the Cantonal Revolution or War of Africa hosting in 1906 International Conference on Morocco where sharing would Marruecos.16 The twentieth century has seen the transformation of a small town Algeciras spent fishing one of the main Mediterranean port cities and a link between Europe and Africa.
Name[edit]
The site of Roman cities called Portus Albus, Caetaria (current Getares) and Iuliua Tracta, the current name of Algeciras comes from the Arab period of the Iberian Peninsula: AlJazīra AlKhadrā' Arabic الجزيرة الخضراء or Green Island.
History[edit]
The area of the city has been populated since prehistory, and the earliest remains belong to Neanderthal populations from the Paleolithic.
Due to its strategic position it was an important port under the Phoenicians, and was the site of the relevant Roman port of Portus Albus ("White Port"), with two near cities called Caetaria (most likely Iberians) and Iulia Transducta (Tarifa), founded by the Romans themselves.[2]
After being destroyed by the Germanic Barbarians and their Vandal allies, the city was founded again in April 711 by the invading Moors, as the first city created by the Arabs on the occupied Spanish soil.[3] It enjoyed a brief period of independence as a taifa state from 1035-1058. It was named al-Jazirah al-Khadra' ("Green Island") after the offshore Isla Verde; the modern name is derived from this original Arabic name (compare also Algiers and Al Jazeera).
In 1278, Algeciras was besieged by the forces of the Kingdom of Castile under the command of Alfonso X of Castile and his son, Sancho IV.[4] This siege was the first of a series of attempts to take the city and ended in failure for the Castilian forces. An armada sent by Castile was also annihilated whilst trying to blockade the city's harbor.
After many centuries of Muslim rule, the tide of the reconquista arrived at Algeciras. In July 1309 Ferdinand IV of Castile laid siege to Algeciras as well as Gibraltar. [4] The latter fell into Christian hands, but Muslim Algeciras held on for the following three decades, until Alfonso XI of Castile resumed its siege. Juan Nunez de Lara, Juan Manuel, Pedro Fernández de Castro, Juan Alfonso de la Cerda, lord of Gibraleón all participated in the siege, as did knights from France, England and Germany, and even King Philip III of Navarre, king consort of Navarra, who came accompanied by 100 horsemen and 300 infantry. In March 1344, after several years of siege, Algeciras surrendered.[2]
The city was, however, retaken by the Moors in 1368 - but was destroyed on the orders of Muhammed V of Granada.[5] The site was subsequently abandoned, but was refounded in 1704 by refugees from Gibraltar following the territory's capture by Anglo-Dutch forces in the War of the Spanish Succession. It was rebuilt on its present rectangular plan by Charles III of Spain in 1760. In July 1801, the French and Spanish navies fought the British Royal Navy offshore in the Battle of Algeciras, which ended in a British victory.[6]
The city hosted the Algeciras Conference in 1906, an international forum to discuss the future of Morocco which was held in the Casa Consistorial (town hall).[7] In July 1942 Italian frogmen set up in a secret base in the Italian tanker Olterra, which was interned in Algeciras, in order to attack shipping in Gibraltar.[8] During the Franco era, Algeciras underwent substantial industrial development, creating many new jobs for the local workers made unemployed when the border between Gibraltar and Spain was sealed by Franco between 1969 and 1982.
In 1982 there was a failed plan codenamed Operation Algeciras conceived by the Argentinian military to sabotage the British military facilities in Gibraltar during the Falklands War. The Spanish authorities intervened just before the attack, and deported the two Argentine Montoneros and military liaison officer involved.[9]
Demographics[edit]
| Year | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 103,106 | 104,087 | 105,066 | 106,710 | 108,779 | 109,665 | 111,283 |
Economy[edit]
Algeciras is principally a transport hub and industrial city. Its principal activities are connected with the port, which serves as the main embarkation point between Spain and Tangier and other ports in Morocco as well as the Canary Islands and the Spanish enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla. It is ranked as the 16th busiest port in the world. The city also has a substantial fishing industry and exports a range of agricultural products from the surrounding area, including cereals, tobacco and farm animals.
In recent years it has become a significant tourist destination, with popular day trips to Tarifa to see bird migrations; to Gibraltar to see the territory's sights and culture; and to the Bay of Gibraltar on whale watching excursions.
Algeciras is the southern terminus of two principal north-south Euroroutes, the E05 and E15. Both routes, moreover, run to Scotland (the E05 terminates at Greenock and the E15 at Inverness) via France and England.
Climate[edit]
| Climate data for Algeciras | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 16.1 (61.0) |
16.7 (62.1) |
17.8 (64.0) |
18.9 (66.0) |
21.7 (71.1) |
24.4 (75.9) |
27.2 (81.0) |
27.8 (82.0) |
26.1 (79.0) |
21.7 (71.1) |
18.9 (66.0) |
16.7 (62.1) |
21.2 (70.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 13 (55) |
14 (57) |
15 (59) |
16 (61) |
19 (66) |
21 (70) |
24 (75) |
24 (75) |
23 (73) |
19 (66) |
17 (63) |
14 (57) |
18 (64) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 11.1 (52.0) |
11.1 (52.0) |
12.2 (54.0) |
13.3 (55.9) |
15.6 (60.1) |
17.8 (64.0) |
20.0 (68.0) |
20.6 (69.1) |
20.0 (68.0) |
16.7 (62.1) |
13.9 (57.0) |
12.2 (54.0) |
15.4 (59.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 121.9 (4.80) |
106.7 (4.20) |
106.7 (4.20) |
66.0 (2.60) |
38.1 (1.50) |
10.2 (0.40) |
0.0 (0.0) |
2.5 (0.10) |
25.4 (1.00) |
76.2 (3.00) |
149.9 (5.90) |
132.1 (5.20) |
835.7 (32.90) |
| Source: The Weather Channel[10] | |||||||||||||
Tourism[edit]
Transport[edit]
The bus urban transport in managed by C.T.M. (Cooperativa de transporte de Marruecos).
- Bus lines:
- Line 1: Bajadilla-Pajarete
- Line 2: Colinas-San Bernabé-Reconquista
- Line 3: Rinconcillo
- Line 4: La Granja
- Line 5: Bahía de Algeciras
- Line 6: Juliana
- Line 7: Saladillo
- Line 8: San García-Saladillo
- Line 9: San García Directo
- Line 10: El Cobre
- Line 11: La Piñera
- Line 12: San García playa
- Line 16: Cementerio-Centro Penitenciario
- Line 18: Cortijo Vides-Piñera
- Line 19: Puerto-S.J.Artesano-Rinconcillo
- Line 21: San García - Residencia - Puerto - Parque
- The road that crosses Algeciras are:
- European route E15
- European route E05
- Autopista AP-7
- Autovía A-48
- N-340
- GR 7
- The nearest airports are:
- Gibraltar Airport - to 20 km.
- Jerez Airport - to 100 km.
- Málaga Airport - to 120 km.
In addition, the Algeciras Heliport is being built for transport to Ceuta and other areas in the region.
Monuments[edit]
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- Hornos Romanos del Rinconcillo (first century B.C.). (furnaces)
- Factoría de salazones de la calle San Nicolás (first century). (salt meat factory)
- La Villa Vieja, torres de la Huerta del Carmen (tenth century). (Towers)
- Parque Arqueológico de las Murallas Meriníes (thirteenth century). (Archeological Park)
- Capilla de Nuestra Señora de Europa (1690). (Chapel)
- Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de la Palma (1736). (Church)
- Hospital de La Caridad, (1748).
- Capilla de la Caridad (1752). (Chapel)
- Casa Consistorial (1756). (City Council)
- Capilla de San Servando (1774). (Chapel)
- Capilla del Santo Cristo de la Alameda (1776). (Chapel)
- Plaza Alta (1807).
- Mercado de Abastos de Algeciras of engineer Eduardo Torroja Miret (1935). (Supplies Market)
- Art School Building. (1971) architect: Fernando Garrido Gutiérrez.
- Faro de Isla Verde. Project of Jaime Font, constructed in 1864). (Light)
- Hotel Reina Cristina (1901).
- District de San Isidro, typical district designed in the twentieth century.
- Hotel Howard Chiu (1823)
Celebrations[edit]
- Arrastre de latas (5, January).
- Feria Real de Algeciras (June).
- Fiestas patronales en honor de Ntra. Sra. la Virgen de la Palma (August).
- Fiesta de los Tosantos (1, November).
- Carnival of Algeciras.
Sports[edit]
- Algeciras CF, currently in Primera División de Andalucía.
- Algeciras BM, currently in Liga ASOBAL.
Education[edit]
Universidad de Cádiz - Campus Bahia de Algeciras[edit]
The following education centres are property of the University of Cádiz:
- Escuela Politécnica Superior de Algeciras
- Escuela Universitaria de Enfermería de Algeciras
- Escuela Universitaria de Estudios Jurídicos y Económicos del Campo de Gibraltar "Francisco Tomás y Valiente"
- Escuela Universitaria de Magisterio "Virgen de Europa"
- Centro Universitario de Derecho de Algeciras (CUDA)
- Campus Bahia de Algeciras (in Spanish and English)
Noted Natives of Algeciras[edit]
Sister city[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Plan de Ordenación del Territorio del Área del Campo de Gibraltar, Junta de Andalucía (Spanish)
- ^ a b O'Shea, Henry George (1865). A Guide to Spain. Longmans, Green. p. 91. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
- ^ Livermore, Harold (1 October 2006). The Twilight of the Goths: The Rise and Fall of the Kingdom of Toledo C.575-711. Intellect Books. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-84150-966-2. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
- ^ a b Rogers, Clifford (21 June 2010). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. Oxford University Press. p. 33 and 209. ISBN 978-0-19-533403-6. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
- ^ Chaucer, Geoffrey; Andrew, Malcolm (1993). The General Prologue. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-8061-2552-7. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
- ^ Musteen, Jason R. (15 October 2011). Nelson's Refuge: Gibraltar in the Age of Napoleon. Naval Institute Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-61251-084-2. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
- ^ Olson, James Stuart; Shadle, Robert (1991). Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-313-26257-9. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
- ^ Hammond, Eleanor; Hughes, Wade (7 April 2012). The Judas Reef. D Books. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-74335-009-6. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
- ^ Tremlett, Giles (24 July 2004). "Falklands war nearly spread to Gibraltar". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ "The Weather Channel - Monthly Averages for Algeciras, Spain".
- Algeciras. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2006.
- Algeciras. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 2004
- Lonely Planet Andalucia, Lonely Planet, 2005
External links[edit]
- (in Spanish) Ayuntamiento de Algeciras
- (in Spanish) Expoalgeciras: Images Gallery (History and present from Algeciras with old and current photographys]
Cities and port cities in Andalusia | ||
|---|---|---|
| Capitals of provinces |  | |
| Port cities | ||
| Other big towns | ||