User:GreekApple123/sandbox

India

Latin America

Trade is the main factor in India-Latin America relations. Latin America is India's fifth-biggest trading partner (if treated as one country).

History

Before India's independence in 1947, contact between India and Latin America was minimal. A few Indians came into Latin America during this time period due to the trans-pacific slave trade.

In the first 50 years after India's independence, ties between India and Latin America remained minimal; India's participation in the Non-Aligned Movement and the British Commonwealth, as well as its geographical distance from Latin America, separated it from the region. As recently as 1992, Indo-LAC (Latin America and the Caribbean) trade was worth less than $500 million. However, India did provide support in UN votes to Latin American countries in their conflicts with America, resulting in reciprocal support, and the Indian diaspora in LAC (such as the Indo-Caribbeans) was one of the factors providing a connection between India and Latin America throughout this time.

In the 21st century, India-Latin America relations have increased significantly. In 1996, as India and Latin America were taking steps to liberalize their economies, India started a "Focus LAC" policy. In recent years, India has sought to improve relations with Latin America as part of its overall desire to be a leader on the world stage. Latin America for its part has sought stronger ties with India as it has moved from a Western-oriented foreign policy in previous centuries to a more multipolar approach. In 2012, the first India-CELAC (Community of Latin American and Caribbean States) summit was hosted in New Delhi.

India signed a Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) with Mercosur in 2004. Peru, Chile and Colombia have expressed interest in signing or have expanded their PTAs with India in recent decades.

India and China are sometimes analyzed as competing for engagement with Latin America; Indian FDI in the region is around $12-16 billion, while Chinese FDI is worth $159 billion. India-Latin American trade peaked at $50 billion in 2022, and is projected to reach $100 billion by 2027. Latin America receives 1/3rd of India's car exports, while India seeks energy and food security through Latin America. Weak transport capability and above-average tariffs are said to be significant factors holding India-Latin America trade back.

See also

• Brazil-India relations
  • BRICS
  • IBSA Dialogue Forum
  • BASIC countries

Further reading

• INDIA AND LATIN AMERICA RELATIONS Understanding the SICA

Pacific Century

For other uses of "User:GreekApple123/sandbox", see "User:GreekApple123/sandbox" (disambiguation).

The Pacific Century is a conjectured time period in which .

See also

• Asian Century
• American Century

References

_________

Modern Pythian Games

Website	https://pythiangames.org

The Modern Pythian Games are a revival of the ancient Greek Pythian Games, and are designed to celebrate traditional sports, martial arts, e-sports, and various other sports/art-related activities. The event is similar in concept to the Olympics and also takes place every four years, but is meant to be broader in scope and focus on cultural competitions outside of the scope of modern sports. In conjunction with the global events, there will be several smaller events taking place at national and lower levels, and some events taking place online.

History

The ancient Pythian Games were one of the four Panhellenic Games that were cycled through every four years in ancient Greece, and were principally designed to celebrate art and culture. Pierre de Coubertin, who was the founder of the modern Olympic Games, was inspired to some extent by the ancient Pythian Games, and included some of the same artistic and cultural elements in the modern Olympics in its early years.

The Modern Pythian Games were founded by Bijender Goel, with the first elected President of the governing Pythian Council being Panos Kaltsis, the former mayor of Delphi, Greece.

The goal of the Modern Pythian Games is to encourage cultural diplomacy between nations, as well as to promote traditional cultures. The Games are also meant to encourage economic growth through tourism and recovery through unity after the COVID-19 pandemic. Over 90 countries have agreed to participate in the Games. Government officials from various countries have met with leaders of the Pythian Games, with a particular focus on Greece as the ancient origin of the concept.

Schedule

The first Pythian Games will take place in 2027, the first Junior Pythian Games in 2025, and the first Para Pythian Games (for disabled athletes) in 2024. One of the first competitions of the Modern Pythian Games was the online poetry and painting competition, started in 2023 in Delhi, India.

Creative fields

There are eight major creative fields represented in the Modern Pythian Games: musical arts, performing arts, visual arts, social and traditional arts (such as culinary arts), language and literary arts, architecture and ecology, robotics and digital arts, and various sports-related activities, such as martial arts, entertainment games, adventure games, e-sports, air sports, and traditional games. There is also a general focus on reviving dying art traditions.

Sports-related activities

Sports

Some of the traditional sports to be played in the Games include:

• Blind cricket and disabled cricket
• Circle kabaddi
• Mallakhamb
• Jallikattu
• Polo
• Tennikoit
• Ball badminton
• Vallam kali

Board games

• Chaturanga
• Carrom

Martial arts

Some of the martial arts that may be included are:

• Kalaripayattu
• Thang-ta
• Gatka
• Silambam
• Mallayuddha
• Kushti
• Varma Kalai
• Thoda
• Marma Adi

Traditional games of the United States

A game of stickball, with the strike zone painted onto the wall behind the batter.

The United States of America has several traditional games and sports, some of which originate from Native Americans.

Traditional games

Cornhole

Cornhole involves participants trying to throw a bean bag into a hole in a slanted wooden board.

Chunkey

Chunkey is a Native American game in which players roll a stone and then attempt to throw a spear at the place where they predict the stone will stop. Success is determined by how close the spear ends up to the stopped stone.

Foursquare

Foursquare participants stand in the four quadrants of a square, and bounce a ball to each other, with the goal of making opponents fail to hit the ball into another player's quadrant before it bounces twice.

Lacrosse

See also: Stickball (Native American)

Lacrosse is the most popular indigenous sport in America. It is a hockey-like game where players use sticks to get a ball into the opponent's goal.

Twister

Twister participants take turns trying to touch various parts of their body to the medium-size Twister mat on the ground, with various opponents usually becoming entangled in the process.

Wallball

Wallball participants take turns to hit a ball against a wall using their hands, with the goal of making their opponents fail to do the same before the ball has bounced twice on the ground.

Variations of baseball

Main article: Variations of baseball

Kickball

Kickball is played with a large hollow ball, with the batter kicking the ball and then running the bases.

Punchball

Punchball is a baseball variant played with nothing but a rubber ball. It was played to a great extent in New York City, and is similar to the official sport Baseball5.

Stickball

Stickball is a type of street baseball.

Variations of basketball

Main article: Variations of basketball

Horse

Main article: Horse (game)

Variations of tag

Main article: Variations of tag

Capture the flag

Capture the flag splits the teams into two halves of the field. The objective of the players is to run into the opposite side of the field, steal the "flag" of the other team, and then return to their own half of the field without being tagged.

Duck, duck, goose

Duck, duck, goose sees players sit in a circle, with one player going around the outside of the circle and saying "duck" everytime they pass a player. At some point, they can decide to say "goose" when they pass one of the players; that player must then get up and try to tag the first player before they can round the circle and sit in the spot of the second player.

Marco Polo

Marco Polo is played in a swimming pool, with the tagger keeping their eyes closed and trying to tag the other players. The tagger can call out "Marco", with opponents required to shout back "Polo".

Sharks and Minnows

Sharks and Minnows is a game where players go from end of a swimming pool to the other without being tagged by the opponents in the middle. Each player who has been tagged becomes part of the tagging team, with the last player to be tagged winning.

See also

• Traditional Hawaiian games

Confusing Cricket Teatowel Explanation

Some cultural depictions play on the confusing aspects of cricket. For example, there is a description of cricket, often given to foreigners on a teatowel, which is designed to confuse by using various meanings of the words "in" and "out".

Note: In this description, 'in' is used to refer to "in the field (which can mean 'in the field in order to bat' or 'in the field in order to be [a part of] the [[fielding (cricket)|team)", "in to bat (which can, among other things, refer either to a current batter who is 'not out i.e. not dismissed', or the next batter in the batting order)", "in/into the cricket pavilion i.e. when someone goes off the field/'back into' the dressing room", "in the batting order", "not out i.e. a batter who has not been dismissed", etc., while 'out' refers to "out in/into the field (which can be said either of a player or team who is 'going out to bat', or is there to be the fielding team", "a batter who is out i.e. dismissed", "a team that is all out i.e. all of their players have been dismissed and thus they have completed their batting innings (though only 10 of a team's 11 players need be dismissed to do this, so technically there is always at least one player on the team who wasn't dismissed i.e. who is not out", etc.

Here is the description (though note that several small variations exist on it):

"You have two sides, 
one out in the field and one in.
Each man that's in the side that's in goes out, 
and when he's out he comes in,
and the next man goes in until he's out.
When they are all out,
the side that's out comes in,
and the side that's been in goes out,
and tries to get out those coming in.
Sometimes you get men still in and not out.
When both sides have been in and out,
including the not outs,
the winner is declared.....if there is one!
Howzat!"

Here is the description annotated to make more sense:

"You have two sides, 
one out in the field (in order to field i.e. the fielding team) and one in (to bat i.e. the batting team).
Each man that's in the side that's in (to bat) goes out (into the field), 
and when he's out (i.e. dismissed) he comes in (into the dressing room),
and the next man goes in (to bat) until he's out (i.e. dismissed).
When they are all out (i.e. when everyone on the batting team has been dismissed, meaning that the batting team has completed their innings),
the side that's out (in the field i.e. the fielding team) comes in (to bat),
and the side that's been in (to bat) goes out (into the field i.e. to become the fielding team),
and tries to get out (i.e. dismiss) those coming in (to bat).
Sometimes you get men still in (to bat) and not out (i.e. not dismissed).
When both sides have been in (to bat) and out (i.e. this could either refer to "out in the field (to be the fielding team)", or "both teams have completed all of their innings, presumably because they have gotten dismissed; though note that a team can complete its innings due to other reasons, such as declarations"),
including the not outs (i.e. some players are not out, meaning not dismissed, at the end of their team's innings, since in cricket, only 10 of 11 players on a team need be dismissed to end the team's innings),
the winner is declared.....if there is one (i.e. because there may be a draw or tie; this usually is only relevant in Test cricket)!
Howzat! ("How's that". Note that this is actually a term commonly used in cricket which has a specific meaning)"

The description varies between describing players ("those coming in" refers to specific batters who come in to bat) and teams.

Miscellaneous

• Japanese depictions of cricket could be interesting, particularly in something like anime. The batsman could look something like Project Yasuo or Project Ashe, with their helmet being like Master Chief's, giving them live info on how the bowl will go (spin, swing, etc.) The bat could be romanticized to look like a samurai sword or such.
• Helmet Camera batting in cricket: | GoPro batting - Adam Gilchrist's innings at Lord's | Access All Areas
• In place of wickets and creases, you can have one object as the wicket, and another a few feet in front of it to serve as the center of an imaginary line that is the crease (or as in bete-ombro, have a circle in front of the wicket as the crease).

• Leadoff hitter is opener. Reliever or closer is like death bowler.
  • Third base and left field are like deep or regular midwicket. Shortstop is mid on. Center is like long on or off, first and right are cover and deep extra cover, catcher is wicketkeeper and pitcher is bowler.

• Purchase: getting something out of the ground (said of a spinner)
• Deposited into the stands: ball hit into the spectator area for six
• Offer or shake hand: the captains agreeing to call the match off (for Test cricket) https://www.gloscricket.co.uk/news/players-shake-hands-as-gloucestershire-and-leicestershire-draw/, https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2005/mar/14/cricket.lawrencebooth
• Nipbacker and heavy ball
• Sits up
• Mankad is like pickoff for stolen bases

• In cricket, one batter can face every pitch, while in baseball, one pitcher can throw every pitch.
• Idea to use follow-on in baseball: https://ftw.usatoday.com/2018/08/cricket-follow-on-rule-for-mlb-game-length
• A pitcher may stand in the middle bisecting line of the field, and likewise for a cricket batter, but bowlers may collide with the umpire or wicket if doing this, and baseball batters can't do this.
• Cricket during Civil War: https://www.dreamcricket.com/articles/history-of-american-cricket/history-of-american-cricket-part-iv--1860s-civil-war--after/

• If T10 was played in the Summer Olympics, as suggested by Eoin Morgan, then that would likely take the place of whichever T20 World Cup was played in the Olympic year. In that case, you'd naturally have one international event a year covering the four major formats every four years.

Tacobol sources:

• https://www.espn.com.au/cricket/story/_/id/23111708/latest-news-brazil-19-nov-1999
• http://www.educacaofisica.seed.pr.gov.br/modules/conteudo/conteudo.php?conteudo=213
• https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cricket/charity-in-the-community/cricket-kit-donations/

__

• Terms for batter who is up to bat: "at the plate/wicket/crease"
• In all forms of cricket other than the Timeless Test, it is sometimes possible to predict the match result well before the end of the game during the final innings, simply because a team can't likely, or even mathematically, score a certain number of runs off a certain number of deliveries, without either significant fielding errors or illegal deliveries being bowled.
  • Whereas in baseball, the lack of time or delivery limits means a team batting last always has its "last licks" at a chance of victory.
• T20's guarantee of 120 legal deliveries, when added together with the average number of extras per side (maybe 5 to 7), greatly resembles baseball's average of 146 pitches per team, both sports being generally 3 hours long. https://www.baseball-reference.com/blog/archives/7533.html
• A team's winning score tries to indicate how close both teams were to the end of an innings, or the end of the match in general. They look at the three "resources" of a team: runs, wickets, and balls.
  • A team winning by "n innings and x runs" occurs when the winning team would not have won had they completed n more innings and scored x fewer runs.
• In both sports, a catch nullifies any runs scored up until that point (though in baseball, the play is still live).

Cricket equivalent to fielder's choice: In cricket, when the batting team's players are not in their grounds (similar to not being on base), the fielding team can choose which wicket to hit with the ball, with the player from the batting team who is closest to the ground of that wicket being the one who is run out.

A tie does go to the runner in cricket, since a run out of stumping only occur when a batsman is out of his ground; a batsman who is in his ground when the wicket is put down is safe.

Simplified explanations of cricket using the Laws:

• Cricket run-scoring using 4 of the Laws:
  • 18.1: The score shall be reckoned by runs. A run is scored: 18.1.1 so often as the batsmen [...] have [...] made good their ground from end to end.
  • [“made good their ground” meaning they have been in their ground]
  • 30.1.1 A batsman shall be considered to be out of his/her ground unless some part of his/her person or bat is grounded behind the popping crease at that end.
  • ["behind" meaning on the side of the popping crease that is further away from the other "end"]
  • 7.3: The popping crease [...] shall be in front of and parallel to the bowling crease [...] The popping crease [...] shall be considered to be unlimited in length; 7.2: The bowling crease [...] is the line that marks the end of the pitch
  • 6.1: The pitch is a rectangular area of the ground
  • [“ground” meaning the ground of the field; not to be confused with a batsman’s ground]

• Explanation of the run-out with 3 Laws:
  • 38.1: Either batsman is [...] Run out [...] if [...] he/she is out of his/her ground and his/her wicket is fairly put down; [...] 38.4: If either batsman is [...] Run out, the run in progress when the wicket is put down shall not be scored; 38.3: The batsman out [...] is the one whose ground is at the end where the wicket is put down.
  • 30.2.3: If there is no batsman in either ground, then each ground belongs to whichever batsman is nearer to it; 30.2.4 If a ground belongs to one batsman then [...] the other ground belongs to the other batsman
  • 29.1.1: The wicket is put down if [...] struck [...]: 29.1.1.1 by the ball

Safe zones in both sports

The green areas are where the batter can't be put out, run out, or stumped.

• Rather than there being a base, a cricket field is separated into two almost-halves that are safe-zones with an unsafe area between them.
  • References: Law 7.3 says the popping crease "shall be considered to be unlimited in length." and Law 30.1.1 says "A batsman shall be considered to be out of his/her ground unless some part of his/her person or bat is grounded behind the popping crease at that end."
  • For the purpose of measuring how close a batsman is to a ground, one can consider the distance of a batsman to Ground #2, if that batsman is grounded in Ground #1, to be the exact distance from Ground #1 to Ground #2 (or simply put, the distance between the grounds).
    • If one batsman's feet are 5 feet from a ground, but their bat is 2 feet from the ground, while the other batsman's feet are 4 feet from the ground, while their bat is 3 feet from the ground, then which is closer? Does it matter whether either of them has their bat on the ground?

Articles under Development

Suraj Viswanathan

Suraj "Sun" Viswanathan is an Indian-American former Chairman of the Bay Area Cricket Alliance and an elected Board Member of USA Cricket. He is currently running for Milpitas City Council, having lost a race for that seat in 2018.

Suraj was inspired to run by being a part of Ro Khanna's Congressional campaign.

Cricket in the Dominican Republic

Cricket was historically played in the Dominican Republic by West Indian immigrants. It eventually died out, but an informal version of it survived as plaquita. It is currently administered by the Dominican Cricket Federation.

Shutout

Shutouts almost never occur in cricket, as even a single mistake by the bowler or fielders (such as bowling an illegal delivery, or failing to stop the ball) can result in a run being scored (the scoring players only need to run about 58 feet); in addition, in first-class cricket, the fielding team must get all but one of the batting team's players out without scoring to end the batting team's scoring turn and earn a shutout (whereas in limited overs cricket, they only need to bowl a certain number of legal deliveries without conceding runs). One example of a shutout in cricket was a local 1913 match between Langport and Glastonbury in England, which resulted in Langport being all out without scoring a run.

Reading cricket's scoring and statistical information

Cricket scorecards, as shown on TV, in addition to presenting the number of runs scored by both teams, will show:

• Number of wickets lost (outs) per team
• Number of overs and balls (pitches) faced per team

For individual players:

• Batsmen will have their contributions represented as "Runs scored (Balls faced)", so 30 (20) means 30 runs from 20 balls.
• Bowlers will have "Wickets taken-Runs conceded (Overs and balls bowled)", so 3-21 (5.2) means 3 wickets taken, 21 runs conceded, and 5 overs plus 2 balls bowled.

Batting partnerships:

Main article: Wicket § Batting partnerships

Cricket statistics===

Main article: Cricket statistics