User:IE linguist/sandbox

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History[edit]

Neoclassical houses at the shoreline of Sakoulevas river.
Florina Museum of Modern Art.
Panorama of the city of Florina. 1898-1912. Photo taken by Manakis brothers. (Broken glass plate)

Within the boundaries of the present-day city lie the remains of a Hellenistic settlement on the hill of Agios Panteleimon.[1] Archaeologists excavated on the site in 1930-1934, but a hotel was later built over the ruins. Excavations began again in the 1980s and the total excavated area is now around 8000 metres square. The buildings uncovered are mostly residential blocks, and the range of finds suggests that the site was continuously inhabited from the 4th century BC until its destruction by fire in the 1st century BC. Many of these finds are now on display in the Archaeological Museum of Florina.

The town hall.

The town is first mentioned in 1334, when the Serbian king Stefan Dušan established a certain Sphrantzes Palaeologus as commander of the fortress of Chlerenon.[2] By 1385, the place had fallen to the Ottomans.[3] An Ottoman defter (cadastral tax census) for the year 1481 records a settlement of 243 households.[4]

Nikolaos (Lakis) Pyrzas

Austrian diplomat Johann Georg von Hahn visited the city in 1861 and wrote about it in his travel log From Belgrade to Salonica. In it he writes that "[a]bout the houses in Florina, we should indicate that there are at most 3000, with half of the population Albanian and Turkish Muslims and the other half Christian Bulgarians."[5] In 1896 French diplomat and traveller Victor Bérard visited Florina and describes the settlement as containing 1500 houses of Albanians and "converted Slavs", around 100 Turkish families, and 500 Christian families.[6] According to Berard the "Slavs" considered themselves Greeks and spoke Greek.[6] Greeks from Florina participated in the Greek Revolution of 1821 with the most important fighter being Aggelinas who also fought in Crete while others also fought in Mesologgi.[7] Members of Filiki Eteria were the brothers Loukas Nedelkos and Nikolaos Nedelkos, who were born in the Florina region. In 1821 the Greeks were about 80 families according to Greek sources.[8][verification needed]

The demographic composition of the area the 19th and early 20th centuries is unclear as many factors contributed to the ethnic orientation of the people; out of these religion was particularly important thus giving rise to a proselytism struggle between the Greek Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople and the Bulgarian Exarchate (established in 1870). In 1886, 78.4% of the Christian population of the Florina kaza (district) - a part of Manastir Vilayet (province) - was aligned with the Ecumenical Patriarchate and 21.6% with the Bulgarian Exarchate, however by 1900 the Patriarchatists had dropped to 50.9% and Exarchatists had risen to 49.1%.[9] The actual Greek-speaking element in this area was concentrated in urban centres where it participated in the religious, administrative, social, and educational sectors of life, this presenting to the outside world a "Greek-like" picture of the area.[9]

Florina and its inhabitants greatly contributed to the Macedonian Struggle. Prominent leaders included Nikolaos Pyrzas,[10] and Petros Chatzitasis.[11] Former President Christos Sartzetakis originates from Florina through his mother.

In the late 19th century, it became a centre of Slavic agitation for independence from the Ottoman Empire, but in 1912 it became part of Greece following the First Balkan War. In 1914 the majority of the Christian population in the Florina region was recorded as Bulgarian (59%), 70% of whom were monolingual in Bulgarian only.[12] The 1920s was a period of deportation and migration, during which the Greek government aimed the systematic removal of the Bulgarophone population.[13] In 1925, according to the Prefect of Florina 52% of the population were schismatics(up from about 20% in 1886), 25% were Patriarchists, 15% were refugees, 6% were Vlachs and 3% were indigeneous Greeks.[14] The 1928 census showed 38,562 Slavic speakers in the nome of Florina or 31% of the population, but according to contemporary Greek authors the numbers of this census "clearly" do not reflect the actual strength as a result of official policy of the Greek government of reluctance.[15] According to the Prefect of Florina in 1930 there were 76,370 (61%), of whom 61,950 (49% of the population) lacked Greek consciousness.[15] According to a report of the Greek army the Slavic-speaking majority in Florina district amounted to 77,650 people, 63,360 of whom had Bulgarian consciousness and 12,300 - Greek consciousness.[16]. According to the Prefect of Florina, in 1935 of 11,683 families 56% had Slavic national consciousness , while 41.3% were "foreign speakers" with Greek national consciousness[17]

The town was again in the firing line during World War I, during which it was occupied by Bulgaria, and during the Axis Occupation in World War II, when the town became a centre of Slavic separatism. Muslim Albanians from Florina and the wider region during the population exchange (1923) based on religious criteria were sent to Turkey, and mainly resettled in Bursa.[18][19] The town was again in the firing line during World War I, during which it was occupied by Bulgaria, and during the Axis Occupation in World War II, when the town became a centre of Slavic separatism.[citation needed]

For part of the Greek Civil War (1946–1949) the mountains of the Florina area were under communist control. The Slavic-Macedonian National Liberation Front, later simply the National Liberation Front or NOF, had a significant presence in the area:[20] by 1946, seven Slav Macedonian partisan units were operating in the Florina area,[21] and NOF had a regional committee based in Florina. When the NOF merged with the Democratic Army of Greece (DSE), many Slav Macedonians in the region enlisted as volunteers in the DSE.[22] When the Communists were defeated on February 12, 1949 by the Greek army thousands of communists were evacuated or fled to Yugoslavia and the Eastern Bloc. Anastasia Karakasidou estimated that 80% of the population of Florina Prefecture is either Slavic-speaking or descended from Slavic-speaking families.[23]

  1. ^ Maria Akamati-Lilibati & Ioannis M. Akamatis, The Hellenistic City of Florina. Ministry of Culture (Greece), 2006. ISBN 960-86162-3-9 p53ff
  2. ^ Kravari, p. 247.
  3. ^ Kravari, p. 55, n. 178.
  4. ^ Kravari, p. 248.
  5. ^ Johann Georg von Hahn: Reise von Belgrad nach Salonik. Viena: 1861, p. 121.
  6. ^ a b Hart, Laurie Kain (2006). "Provincial anthropology, circumlocution, and the copious use of everything." Journal of Modern Greek Studies. 24. (2): 310: "The extreme population movements of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in (what was to become) the western Macedonian border area of Greece expose what Patrick Finney has called the “longue durée quality of nation-formation (Finney 1993). They include not only the 1919 Bulgarian-Greek population exchange and the Greek-Turkish exchange of 1923, but also innumerable significant, informal, earlier shifts to towns such as Florina by Muslim and Christian Albanians, Turks, Vlachs, Gypsies, Jews, as well as the immigration of Greek Christians from the South after the mid-nineteenth century Ottoman Tanzimat reforms." p. 314. "Florina was not much admired by European travelers in the dying days of the Ottoman Empire, particularly, it seems, in contrast to its rival a little to the south, Kastoria. The French traveler Bérard describes it in 1896 as consisting of 1500 houses of Albanians and “converted Slavs,” with perhaps a hundred “Turkish” families and 500 Christian families. “These Slavs nonetheless call themselves Greek and speak Greek—with us at least” (Bérard 1911 (1896):307). Bérard identifies only a few hundred Bulgarian sympathizers, but notes that the local Turkish administration is pro-Bulgarian."
  7. ^ Melios, Lazaros (1998). History of Florina (Greek: Από την Ιστορία της Φλώρινας).
  8. ^ Romaiou, Konstantinos. ΕΛΛΑΣ. Vol. 2. Giovani (Γιοβάνη). p. 492.
  9. ^ a b Richard Clogg, Minorities in Greece: Aspects of a Plural Society, pp. 123-124
  10. ^ Douglas Dakin, the Macedonian Struggle, 1985, pp 65-67
  11. ^ Hellenic Army General Staff, Directorate of Army History, The Macedonian Struggle and the events in Thrace, 1979, pp 115
  12. ^ Clogg, Richard (2002). Minorities in Greece: Aspects of a Plural Society. Hurst. ISBN 9781850657057.
  13. ^ Clogg, Richard (2002). Minorities in Greece: Aspects of a Plural Society. Hurst. ISBN 9781850657057.
  14. ^ Clogg, Richard (2002). Minorities in Greece: Aspects of a Plural Society. Hurst. ISBN 9781850657057.
  15. ^ a b Mavrogordatos, George Th (1983). Stillborn Republic: Social Coalitions and Party Strategies in Greece, 1922-1936. University of California Press. p. 247. ISBN 9780520043589.
  16. ^ "61 A report from the Staff of the 9th Greek Division in Southern Macedonia on the number and sentiments of the Bulgarian population in the province of Voios (Kozhani) and the district around the town of Lerin".
  17. ^ Clogg, Richard (2002). Minorities in Greece: Aspects of a Plural Society. Hurst. ISBN 9781850657057.
  18. ^ Baltsiotis, Lambros (2011). "The Muslim Chams of Northwestern Greece: The grounds for the expulsion of a "non-existent" minority community". European Journal of Turkish Studies. 12.. para. 28-29; footnote 48. "The Albanian claims on the Albanian speaking population of the areas of Kastoria [Kostur in Albanian] and Florina [Follorinë in Albanian] did not ensure the non inclusion of this Albanian speaking Muslim population in the Greco-Turkish exchange of populations. Nevertheless, these claims and related struggles were far from leading to any major bilateral or international debate."
  19. ^ Gingeras, Ryan (2009). Sorrowful Shores: Violence, Ethnicity, and the End of the Ottoman Empire 1912-1923. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 158–159. ISBN 9780199561520.
  20. ^ Simpson, Neil (1994). Macedonia Its Disputed History. Victoria: Aristoc Press, 105,106 & 94. ISBN 0-646-20462-9.
  21. ^ "Les Archives de la Macedonine, Fond: Aegean Macedonia in NLW" - (Field report of Mihail Keramidzhiev to the Main Command of NOF), 8 July 1945
  22. ^ Η Τραγική αναμέτρηση, 1945-1949 – Ο μύθος και η αλήθεια. Ζαούσης Αλέξανδρος" (ISBN 9607213432).
  23. ^ Ammon, Ulrich (2006). Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110184181.
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