User:Irtapil/Urdu alphabet 2
alt versions from User:Irtapil/Urdu_alphabet_1[edit]
Additional characters and variations[edit]
{{efn-lr}} / {{notelist-lr}} footnotes[edit]
Group | Letter [i] |
Name [glossary of key words above] |
Unicode [1][2] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nastaliq [ii] |
with diacritics |
Romanizations [3][4] | ||||
Alif | آ | آ | الف مدہ | الِف مَدّه [3] |
alif maddah [3] [iii] |
U+0622 alef with madda above [2] |
hamzah ء |
ء | ء | ہمزہ | ہَمْزه [3] |
hamzah | U+0621 hamza [2] |
___ | ___ | hamza on the line | ||||
ٔ | ٔ | ___ | ___ | hamza diacritic [iii] |
U+0654 "Hamza Above" | |
ٴ | ٴ | U+0674 "High Hamza" | ||||
ئ | ئ | ہمزہ | ہَمْزه [3] |
hamzah | U+0626 yeh with hamza above [2] | |
___ | ___ | yē hamza / alif hamza | ||||
ۓ | ۓ | ___ | ___ | baṛī yē hamza | U+06D3 yeh barree with hamza above [1] | |
ؤ | ؤ | واوِ مَہْمُوز | واوِ مَہْمُوز [3] |
vāv-e mahmūz [3] | U+0624 waw with hamza above [2] | |
ۂ ۂ | ۂ ـۂ | ___ | ___ | U+06C2 --> heh goal with hamza above [1] or U+06C1 + U+0654 | ||
Arabic [iv] |
ۃ ۃ | ۃ ـۃ | تاء مربوطة | Arabic: تَاء مَرْبُوطَة |
Tāʼ marbūṭah "bound ta" |
U+06C3 teh marbuta goal [1] |
ة ة | ة ـة | U+0629 teh marbuta [2] | ||||
ت | ت | تاء مفتوحة | Arabic: تَاء مَفْتُوحَة |
Tāʼ maftūḥah "open ta" |
U+062A Teh |
Footnotes:[edit]
- ^ Left: Urdu Nastaliq. Right: Arabic Naskh or modern style.
- ^ The Nastaliq text will display in a different style if there is not an appropriate font installed on the machine.
- ^ a b see: Diacritic Omission .
- ^ see: Arabic Tāʼ marbūṭah below.
Diacritic Omission[edit]
Most vowel diacritics are omitted in most Urdu writing, but Urdu writing usually does distinguish alif mad, and include hamza over bari ye, gol he, and wow. For example, alif mad and bare alif in آزادی ( "āzādī", ɑ:zɑ:d̪i, freedom[5]) are distinguished in most contexts.
Arabic Tāʼ marbūṭah[edit]
Tāʼ marbūṭah is also sometimes considered an Urdu letter, though it is rarely used except for in certain loan words from Arabic. Ta mahbutah is regarded as a form of tā, the Arabic version of Urdu té, But it is not pronounced as such, and when replaced with an urdu letter in naturalised loan words it is usually replaced with gol he [citation needed].
{{ref}} / {{note}} footnotes[edit]
Group | Letter (i)(ii) |
Name (ii)(iv) [glossary of key words above] |
Unicode [1][2] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nastaliq | with diacritics |
Romanizations [3][4] | ||||
Alif | آ | آ | الف مدہ | الِف مَدّه [3] |
alif maddah [3] [footnote] |
U+0622 alef with madda above [2] |
hamzah ء |
ء | ء | ہمزہ | ہَمْزه [3] |
hamzah | U+0621 hamza [2] |
___ | ___ | hamza on the line | ||||
ٔ | ٔ | ___ | ___ | hamza diacritic [footnote] |
U+0654 "Hamza Above" | |
ٴ | ٴ | U+0674 "High Hamza" | ||||
ئ | ئ | ہمزہ | ہَمْزه [3] |
hamzah | U+0626 yeh with hamza above [2] | |
___ | ___ | yē hamza / alif hamza | ||||
ۓ | ۓ | ___ | ___ | baṛī yē hamza | U+06D3 yeh barree with hamza above [1] | |
ؤ | ؤ | واوِ مَہْمُوز | واوِ مَہْمُوز [3] |
vāv-e mahmūz [3] | U+0624 waw with hamza above [2] | |
ۂ ۂ | ۂ ـۂ | ___ | ___ | U+06C2 --> heh goal with hamza above [1] or U+06C1 + U+0654 | ||
Arabic (iii) |
ۃ ۃ | ۃ ـۃ | تاء مربوطة | Arabic: تَاء مَرْبُوطَة |
Tāʼ marbūṭah "bound ta" |
U+06C3 teh marbuta goal [1] |
ة ة | ة ـة | U+0629 teh marbuta [2] | ||||
Name (iv) |
ت | ت | تاء مفتوحة | Arabic: تَاء مَفْتُوحَة |
Tāʼ maftūḥah "open ta" |
U+062A Teh |
Footnotes:[edit]
^i. Left = Urdu Nastaliq. Right = Arabic Naskh or modern style.
^ii. The Nastaliq text will display in a different style if there is not an appropriate font installed on the machine.
^iv. References shown in the Nashk column apply to both columns. Pronunciation guide diacritics have been omitted from the Nastaliq version in most cases.
^4. Most vowel diacritics are omitted in most Urdu writing, but Urdu writing usually does distinguish alif mad, and include hamza over bari ye, gol he, and wow. For example, alif mad and bare alif in آزادی ( "āzādī", ɑ:zɑ:d̪i, freedom[5]) are distinguished in most contexts.
^iii. Tāʼ marbūṭah is also sometimes considered an Urdu letter, though it is rarely used except for in certain loan words from Arabic. Ta mahbutah is regarded as a form of tā, the Arabic version of Urdu té, But it is not pronounced as such, and when replaced with an urdu letter in naturalised loan words it is usually replaced with gol he [citation needed].
junk rows[edit]
Group | Letter | Name | Unicode | why it's junk | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
hamza | ۂ ۂ | ۂ ـۂ | ہ + ـــٔــ U+06C1 + U+0654 |
given i had to resort to the Persian keyboard to find diacritic hamza, i think it's non-standard to build it this way, maybe mention the unicode characters, but no need to show it on the left. |
Examples of digraph usage:[edit]
from 2020-05-11 before i started rearranging it
corresponding single-letters |
digraphs | Example | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urdu Letter |
IPA | Urdu Digraphs [6][7][8] |
IPA | Urdu | with diacritics |
IPA | Latin Alphabet | translation | ||
ب | بھ | bʱ | بھارت | /bʰɑ:rət̪/ [5] |
India [9] | |||||
بھالو | // | bhalo [8] |
[[]] | |||||||
بھاری | bʰɑ:ri | heavy / fat / bulky / loud / difficult / important / wealthy [5] | ||||||||
پ | پھ | pʰ | پھول | [8] | / / | phul [8] |
[[ ]] | |||
پھول | / / | [[ ]] | ||||||||
ت | تھ | tʰ [footnote] | تھم | / / | [[ ]] | |||||
تھال | [8] | / / | thal [8] |
[[ ]] | ||||||
لتھیم | [10] | / / | Lithium | Lithium | ||||||
ٹ | ٹھ | ʈʰ | ٹھوس | /ʈʰo:s/ [5] |
solid / compact / firm / true / dull [9] | |||||
ٹھیلا | [8] | / / | thela [8] |
[[ ]] | ||||||
ٹھیس | / / | [[ ]] | ||||||||
ج | جھ | d͡ʒʱ | جھاڑی | / / | [[ ]] | |||||
/ / | [[ ]] | |||||||||
چ | چھ | t͡ʃʰ | چھری | [8] | / / | chhuri [8] |
[[ ]] | |||
چھوکرا | / / | [[ ]] | ||||||||
د | دھ | dʱ | دھم | [8] | / / | dham [8] |
[[ ]] | |||
گندھک | /gənd̪ʰək/ [5] |
sulphur / brimstone [9] | ||||||||
دھوبی | / / | [[ ]] | ||||||||
ڈ | ڈھ | ɖʱ | ڈھال | [8] | / / | dhal [8] |
[[ ]] | |||
ڈھول | / / | [[ ]] | ||||||||
ر | رھ | [[ | ]][[ | ]] | / / | [[ ]] | ||||||
/ / | [[ ]] | |||||||||
ڑ | ڑھ | ɽʱ | گڑھ | [8] | / / | garh [8] |
[[ ]] | |||
کڑھنا | / / | [[ ]] | ||||||||
ک | کھ | kʰ | کھولنا | / / | [[ ]] | |||||
کھانا | [8] | /kʰɑ:nɑ:/ [5] |
khana [8] |
food / meal / banquet [9] | ||||||
دکھائی | [11] | /d̪ɪkʰɑ:i:/ [5] |
inspection / appearance / showing / show [9] | |||||||
گ | گھ | ɡʱ | گھر | [8] | / / | ghar [8] |
[[ ]] | |||
گھبراہٹ | / / | [[ ]] | ||||||||
ن | نھ | nʱ | ننّھا | /nənnʰɑ:/ [5] |
small / tiny [5] | |||||
___ | / / | [[ ]] | ||||||||
م | مھ | mʱ | تمھیں | [5] | / / | [[ ]] (alternative of تُمہیں) | ||||
___ | / / | [[ ]] | ||||||||
و | وھ | [[ | ]] | / / | [[ ]] | ||||||
/ / | [[ ]] | |||||||||
ل | لھ [8] |
lʰ [5] |
lʱ [12] |
دولھا | [8] | دُولھا [5] |
/d̪u:lʰɑ:/ [5] |
bridegroom [9] | ||
/ / | [[ ]] | |||||||||
ل ا | لا [footnote] |
خلا | [11] | /xəlɑ:/ [5] |
outer space, vacuum, vacant place, absence [9] | |||||
ملاعین | [5] | /məlɑ:ʔi:n/ [5] |
accursed persons [9] | |||||||
علاج | عِلاج | /ɪlɑ:dʒ/ [5] | cure / remedy / antidote / relief [9] |
^Lam Alif: This ligature is much mote prominent in Arabic styles than it is in Urdu's usual Nastaliq.
^Transliteration of "th": The digraph تھ is often used to transliterate "th" in European words, e.g. لتھیم Lithium [10].
Nastaliq[edit]
The Nastaliq calligraphic writing style (sometimes spelled Nastaʿlīq) began as a Persian mixture of scripts Naskh and Ta'liq. After the Mughal conquest, Nastaʻliq became the preferred writing style for Urdu. It is the dominant style in Pakistan, and many Urdu writers elsewhere in the world use it. Nastaʿlīq is more cursive and flowing than its Naskh counterpart.
Letter forms[edit]
(back to "Letter names and phonemes")
For the Arabic alphabet, and many others derived from it, letters are regarded as having two or three general forms each, based on their position in the word. Though obviously Arabic calligraphy can add a great deal of complexity. But for the Nastaliq style in which Urdu is written, even in the most mundane or informal documents, uses more than three general forms for many letters.
Letter forms tables:[edit]
ن | ٮن | ٮنے | ٮنی | ٮنک | ٮنا | نے | نی | نا |
Notes on specific letter forms[edit]
illustration | illustrated text | note |
---|---|---|
نستعلیق | ^ Nastaliq: This may not display as Nastaliq نستعلیق style, depending on which fonts you have installed on your device. [end note] | |
ں ◌٘ ھ ڑ ے | ^ Start forms vs staring words: No Urdu word begins with ے , ھ , ڑ , or ◌٘ / ں but some of these forms appear following a non-joining letter ا و د ڈ ذ ر ڑ ز ژ in the middle of a word. | |
ے | ^ Baṛī ye: "greater yē" (بڑی يے) is used only at the end of a word[13]. | |
ک گ |
^ Kaf and Gaf before tall letters: Most Arabic fonts fonts have just two or three forms of each letter. But in Urdu's usual Nastaliq script, letters can have more than three position forms depending on which letters they are attached to. This is sometimes simplified by digital fonts - even modern Urdu fonts - which do not perfectly replicate the nuance of handwriting, but in the case of Kāf ک and Gāf گ it is prominent. [14][15] | |
لا لا |
^ Lam Alef ligature: Lam ل followed by Alif ا forms a specific ligature لا in most Arabic writing styles but this is less dramatic in Urdu script. |
For names, order, and unicode[edit]
U+0640 ـ ARABIC TATWEEL |
Breaks or Joins | isolated | nastaliq name | romanised name | unicode | order old wiki | order hannover |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | ا | الف | alif[3] / alef[2] | U+0627 | 1 | 1 |
J | ب | بے | bē[3] / beh[2] | U+0628 | 2 | 2 |
J | پ | پے | pē[3] / peh[1] | U+067E | 3 | 3 |
J | ت | تے | tē[3] / teh[2] | U+062A | 4 | 4 |
J | ٹ | ٹے | ṭē[3] / tteh[1] | U+0679 | 5 | 5 |
J | ث | ثے | sē[3] / s̱ē | U+062B | 6 | 6 |
J | ج | جيم | jīm[3] / jeem[2] | U+062C | 7 | 7 |
J | چ | چے | čē[3] / cē[3] / tcheh[1] | U+0686 | 8 | 8 |
J | ح | بڑی حے | baṛī ħē[3] / baṛī ḥē | U+062D | 9 | 9 |
J | خ | خے | xē[3] / khē[3] / khah[2] / k͟hē | U+062E | 10 | 10 |
B | د | دال | dāl[3] / dal[2] | U+062F | 11 | 11 |
B | ڈ | ڈال | ḍāl[3] / ddal[1] | U+0688 | 12 | 12 |
B | ذ | ذال | zāl[3] / ẕāl | U+0630 | 13 | 13 |
B | ر | رے | rē[3] / reh[2] | U+0631 | 14 | 14 |
B | ڑ | ڑے | ṛē[3] / rreh[1] | U+0691 | 15 | 15 |
B | ز | زے | zē[3] / zey | U+0632 | 16 | 16 |
B | ژ | ژے | žē[3] / zhē[3] | U+0698 | 17 | 17 |
J | س | سین | sīn[3] / seen[2] | U+0633 | 18 | 18 |
J | ش | شین | šīn[3] / shīn[3] / sheen[2] | U+0634 | 19 | 19 |
J | ص | صاد | swād[3] / sad[2] / ṣwād | U+0635 | 20 | 20 |
J | ض | ضاد | żwād[3] / ẓwād | U+0636 | 21 | 21 |
J | ط | طوے | tō’ē[3] / tah[2] / tōē / t̤o'ē / toy | U+0637 | 22 | 22 |
J | ظ | ظوے | zō’ē[3] / zōē / z̤o'ē | U+0638 | 23 | 23 |
J | ع | عین | ‘ain[3] / ain[2] ayn | U+0639 | 24 | 24 |
J | غ | غین | ğain[3] / ghain[2] / g͟hain | U+063A | 25 | 25 |
J | ف | فے | fē[3] / feh[2] | U+0641 | 26 | 26 |
J | ق | قاف | qāf[3] / qaf[2] | U+0642 | 27 | 27 |
J | ك | kaf | U+0643 | Arabic | 27.5 | |
J | ک | کاف | kāf[3] / kāf | U+06A9 | 28 | 28 |
J | گ | گاف | gāf[3] / gaf[1] | U+06AF | 29 | 29 |
J | ل | لام | lām[3] / lam[2] | U+0644 | 30 | 30 |
J | م | میم | mīm[3] / meem[2] | U+0645 | 31 | 31 |
J | ن | نون | nūn[3] / noon[2] | U+0646 | 32 | 32 |
End only | ں | نون غنہ | nūn-e ğunnah[3] / noon ghunna[1] / nūn g͟hunnah | U+06BA | 33 | 32 |
B | و | واؤ | vāō[3] / wāō[3] / waw[2] / wā'o | U+0648 | 34 | 33 |
J | ہ | گول ہے | gōl hē[3] / heh goal[1] / gol hē | U+06C1 | 35 | 34 |
J | ه | چهوٹی هے | čhōṭī hē [3] | U+0647 | Arabic | 34 |
J | ھ | دو چشمی ہے | dō-čašmī hē[3] / heh doachashmee[1] / do-cashmī hē |
U+06BE | 36 | 34 |
J | ی | چھوٹی يے | čhōṭī yē[3] / choṭī yē | U+06CC | 38 | 35 |
B | ے | بڑی يے | baṛī yē[3] / yeh barree[1] | U+06D2 | 39 | 35 |
B | ء | ہمزہ | hamzah[3] / hamza[2] | U+0621 | 37 | 0 |
J | ئ | ہمزہ | hamzah[3] / hamza[2] | U+0626 | 37 | 35 |
B | آ | الف مدہ | alif maddah [3] alef with madda above [2] |
U+0622 | 1 a | |
B | ء | ہمزہ | hamzah | U+0621 | 0 | |
J | ئ | ہمزہ | hamzah | U+0626 | 35 a | |
B | ٔ | ہمزہ | hamzah | U+0654 | 0 | |
B | ٴ | ہمزہ | hamzah | U+0674 | 0 | |
B | ۓ | ___ | yeh barree with hamza above [1] baṛī yē hamza | U+06D3 | X | |
B | ؤ | واوِ مَہْمُوز | vāv-e mahmūz [3] ओ | U+0624 | 33 a | |
B | ـۂ | heh goal hamza | heh goal with hamza above [1] | U+06C2 | 34 x | |
B | ـۃ | تاء مرظوطة | teh marbuta goal [1] Tāʼ marbūṭah | U+06C3 | Arabic | |
B | ـة | تاء مرظوطة | teh marbuta [2] Tāʼ marbūṭah | U+0629 | ||
B | ـۀ | Hamza Ha ? | ARABIC LETTER HEH WITH YEH ABOVE | U+06C0 | 34 z |
Urdu alphabet tables[edit]
Letter forms tables:[edit]
name | Letter forms [footnote] | name | Shape [0] [Rasm] | Unicode [0] [Rasm] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Isolated glyph |
zwj | end after |
mid between |
start before |
Nastaliq [fonts] |
Naskh | |||||||||||||||||||||||
end | mid | start | ٮ | ٮ ا | ٮ ی | ا | ی | base | dots | Letter | Letter | dots | base | ||||||||||||||||
ا | ا | ا | ٮا | ا | alif[3] alef[2] | none | ا | ا | none | ا | U+0627 | none | U+0627 | ||||||||||||||||
آ | آ | آ | ٮآ | آ | alif maddah[3] "alef with madda above"[2] | ۤ | ۤ | آ | U+0622 | U+06E4 U+0653 | |||||||||||||||||||
ب | ب | ب | ب | ٮب | ٮبا | ٮبی | با | بی | bē[3] beh[2] | ﮳ | ٮ | ٮ | ﮳ | ب | U+0628 | U+FBB3 | U+066E | ||||||||||||
پ | پ | پ | پ | ٮپ | ٮپا | ٮپی | پا | پی | pē[3] peh[1] pē | ﮹ | ﮹ | پ | U+067E | U+FBB9 | |||||||||||||||
ت | ت | ت | ت | ٮت | ٮتا | ٮتی | تا | تی | tē[3] teh[2] tē | ﮴ | ﮴ | ت | U+062A | U+FBB6 | |||||||||||||||
ٹ | ٹ | ٹ | ٹ | ٮٹ | ٮٹا | ٮٹی | ٹا | ٹی | ṭē[3] tteh[1] ṭē | ﯀ | ﯀ | ٹ | U+0679 | U+FBC0 | |||||||||||||||
ث | ث | ث | ث | ٮث | ٮثا | ٮثی | ثا | ثی | sē[3] s̱ē | ﮶ | ﮶ | ث | U+062B | U+FBB6 | |||||||||||||||
ج | ج | ج | ج | ٮج | ٮجا | ٮجی | جا | جی | jīm [3] jeem[2] jīm | ﮳ | ح | ح | ﮳ | ج | U+062C | U+FBB3 | U+062D | ||||||||||||
چ | چ | چ | چ | ٮچ | ٮچا | ٮچی | چا | چی | čē[3] cē[3] tcheh[1] | ﮹ | ﮹ | چ | U+0686 | U+FBB9 | |||||||||||||||
ح | ح | ح | ح | ٮح | ٮحا | ٮحی | حا | حی | baṛī ħē[3] baṛī ḥē | none | none | ح | U+062D | none | |||||||||||||||
خ | خ | خ | خ | ٮخ | ٮخا | ٮخی | خا | خی | xē[3] khē[3] khah[2] k͟hē | ﮲ | ﮲ | خ | U+062E | U+FBB2 | |||||||||||||||
د | د | د | ٮد | د | dāl[3] dal[2] dāl | none | د | د | none | د | U+062F | none | U+062F | ||||||||||||||||
ڈ | ڈ | ڈ | ٮڈ | ڈ | ḍāl[3] ddal[1] ḍāl | ﯀ | ﯀ | ڈ | U+0688 | U+FBC0 | |||||||||||||||||||
ذ | ذ | ذ | ٮذ | ذ | zāl[3] ẕāl | ﮲ | ﮲ | ذ | U+0630 | U+FBB2 | |||||||||||||||||||
ر | ر | ر | ٮر | ر | rē[3] reh[2] rē | none | ر | ر | none | ر | U+0631 | none | U+0631 | ||||||||||||||||
ڑ | ڑ | ڑ | ٮڑ | ڑ | ṛē[3] rreh[1] ṛē | ﯀ | ﯀ | ڑ | U+0691 | U+FBC0 | |||||||||||||||||||
ز | ز | ز | ٮز | ز | zē[3] zē | ﮲ | ﮲ | ز | U+0632 | U+FBB2 | |||||||||||||||||||
ژ | ژ | ژ | ٮژ | ژ | žē[3] zhē[3] zhē | ﮶ | ﮶ | ژ | U+0698 | U+FBB6 | |||||||||||||||||||
س | س | س | س | ٮس | ٮسا | ٮسی | سا | سی | sīn[3] seen[2] sīn | none | س | س | none | س | U+0633 | none | U+0633 | ||||||||||||
ش | ش | ش | ش | ٮش | ٮشا | ٮشی | شا | شی | šīn[3] shīn[3] sheen[2] shīn | ﮶ | ﮶ | ش | U+0634 | U+FBB6 | |||||||||||||||
ص | ص | ص | ص | ٮص | ٮصا | ٮصی | صا | صی | swād[3] sad[2] ṣwād | none | ص | ص | none | ص | U+0635 | none | U+0635 | ||||||||||||
ض | ض | ض | ض | ٮض | ٮضا | ٮضی | ضا | ضی | żwād[3] ẓwād | ﮲ | ﮲ | ض | U+0636 | U+FBB2 | |||||||||||||||
ط | ط | ط | ط | ٮط | ٮطا | ٮطی | طا | طی | tō’ē[3] tah[2] t̤o'ē | none | ط | ط | none | ط | U+0637 | none | U+0637 | ||||||||||||
ظ | ظ | ظ | ظ | ٮظ | ٮظا | ٮظی | ظا | ظی | zō’ē[3] z̤o'ē | ﮲ | ﮲ | ظ | U+0638 | U+FBB2 | |||||||||||||||
ع | ع | ع | ع | ٮع | ٮعا | ٮعی | عا | عی | ‘ain[3] ain[2] ‘ain | none | ع | ع | none | ع | U+0639 | none | U+0639 | ||||||||||||
غ | غ | غ | غ | ٮغ | ٮغا | ٮغی | غا | غی | ğain[3] ghain[2] g͟hain | ﮲ | ﮲ | غ | U+063A | U+FBB2 | |||||||||||||||
ف | ف | ف | ف | ٮف | ٮفا | ٮفی | فا | فی | fē[3] feh[2] fē | ﮲ | ڡ | ڡ | ﮲ | ف | U+0641 | U+FBB2 | U+06A1 | ||||||||||||
ق | ق | ق | ق | ٮق | ٮقا | ٮقی | قا | قی | qāf[3] qaf[2] qāf | ﮴ | ٯ | ٯ | ﮴ | ق | U+0642 | U+FBB4 | U+066F | ||||||||||||
ک | ک | ک | ک | ٮک | ٮکا | ٮکی | کا | کی | kāf[3] kāf | none | ک | ک | none | ک | U+06A9 | none | U+06A9 | ||||||||||||
گ | گ | گ | گ | ٮگ | ٮگا | ٮگی | گا | گی | gāf[3] gaf[1] gāf | ‾ | ‾ | گ | U+06AF | Overline U+203E | |||||||||||||||
Lam [footnote] |
ل | ل | ل | ل | ٮل | ٮلا | ٮلی | لا | لی | lām[3] lam[2] lām | none | ل | ل | none | ل | U+0644 | none | U+0644 | |||||||||||
م | م | م | م | ٮم | ٮما | ٮمی | ما | می | mīm[3] meem[2] mīm | none | م | م | none | م | U+0645 | none | U+0645 | ||||||||||||
ن | ن | ن | ن | ٮن | ٮنا | ٮنی | نا | نی | nūn[3] noon[2] nūn | ﮲ | ں | ں | ﮲ | ن | U+0646 | U+FBB2 | U+06BA | ||||||||||||
ں | ں | ٘ | [footnote] | ٮں | ٘ | never starts |
nūn-e ğunnah[3] noon ghunna[1] nūn g͟hunnah | ٘ | ــ٘ـ | ں | U+06BA | U+0658 | |||||||||||||||||
و | و | و | ٮو | و | vāō[3] wāō[3] waw[2] wā'o | none | و | و | none | و | U+0648 | none | U+0648 | ||||||||||||||||
ہ | ہ | ہ | ہ | ٮہ | ٮہا | ٮہی | ہا | ہی | gōl hē[3] heh goal[1] gol hē | ہہہ | ہ | ہ | ہہہ | ہ | U+06C1 | ||||||||||||||
[footnote] |
ه | ه | ه | ه | ٮه | ٮها | ٮهی | ها | هی | čhōṭī hē[3] choṭī hē |
ههه | ه | ه | ههه | ه | U+0647 | |||||||||||||
do-cashmī hē | ھ | ھ | ھ | ھ | ٮھ | ٮھا | ٮھی | ھا | ھی | dō-čašmī hē[3] heh doachashmee[1] do-cashmī hē | ھھھ | ھ | ھ | ھھھ | ھ | U+06BE | |||||||||||||
ی | ی | ی | ی | ٮی | ٮیا | ٮیی | یا | یی | čhōṭī yē[3] / choṭī yē | ﮵ | ی | یــیــی ی | ﮵ | ی | U+06CC | U+FBB5 | [1] | ||||||||||||
ے | ے | ے | ٮے | ے | baṛī yē | none | ے | ے | none | ے | U+06D2 | none | U+06D2 | ||||||||||||||||
Hamzah | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ء | ء | ء | hamza[2] (hamza on the line) | ء | ء | U+0621 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
ٴ | ٴ | ٴ | (hamza diacritic) | ٴ | ــٔـ | U+0674 | U+0654 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
ئ | ئ | ئ | ئ | ٮئ | ٮئا | ٮئی | ئا | ئی | "yeh with hamza above"[2] yē hamza | ٴ ٔ |
ی | ی | ٴ ◌ٔ ــٔـ |
ئ ئـ ـئـ ـئ |
U+0626 YEH WITH HAMZA ABOVE | High Hamza U+0674 non‑spacing Hamza above U+0654 on dotted circle U+25CC and Tatweel U+0640 | U+06CC Farsi Yeh | ||||||||||||
alif hamza | alif hamza | ى | ى | U+0649 Alef Masksura | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
ۓ | ۓ | ۓ | ٮۓ | ۓ | "yeh barree with hamza above"[1] baṛī yē hamza | ے | ے | ۓ | U+06D3 | U+06D2 | |||||||||||||||||||
ؤ | ؤ | ؤ | ٮؤ | ؤ | vāv-e mahmūz[3] "waw with hamza above"[2] | و | و | ؤ | U+0624 | U+0648 | |||||||||||||||||||
ٶ | ٶ | ٶ | ٮٶ | ٶ | "high hamza waw"[1] | و | و | ٶ | U+0676 | U+0648 | |||||||||||||||||||
ۂ | ۂ | ۂ | ۂ | ٮۂ | ٮۂا | ٮۂی | ۂا | ۂی | "heh goal with hamza above"[1] | ہ | ہ | ۂ | U+06C2 | U+06C1 | |||||||||||||||
Ta marbuutah | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arabic [footnote] |
ۃ | ۃ | ۃ | ۃ | ٮۃ | ۃ | teh marbuta goal[1] | ﮴ | ہ | ـہ | ﮴ | ـۃ | U+06C3 | U+FBB4 | U+06C1 | ||||||||||||||
ة | ة | ة | ة | ٮة | ة | teh marbuta[2] Tāʼ marbūṭah | ه | ـه | ـة | U+0629 |
U+0647 | ||||||||||||||||||
ت | ت | ت | ت | ٮت | ٮتا | ٮتی | تا | تی | teh[2] Tāʼ | ٮ | ٮ | ت | U+062A (see above) |
U+066E |
Footnotes on letter forms:[edit]
illustration | illustrated text | note |
---|---|---|
نستعلیق |
^ Nastaliq: This may not display as Nastaliq style, depending on which fonts you have installed on your device. [end note] | |
ں ◌٘ ھ ڑ ے | ^ Start forms vs staring words: No Urdu word begins with ے , ھ , ڑ , or ◌٘ / ں but some of these forms appear following a non-joining letter ا و د ڈ ذ ر ڑ ز ژ in the middle of a word. | |
ے | ^ Baṛī ye: "greater yē" (بڑی يے) is used only at the end of a word[13]. | |
ک گ | ^ Kaf and Gaf before tall letters: Simpler fonts, including early fonts developed for Arabic, usually have just two or three forms of each letter. But in Urdu's usual Nastaliq script, letters can have more than three position forms depending on which letters they are attached to. This is sometimes simplified by digital fonts - even modern Urdu Nastaliq fonts - which do not perfectly replicate the nuance of handwriting, but in the case of Gāf and Kāf it is prominent. [16][15] | |
^ Lam Alef ligature: Lam ل followed by Alif ا forms a specific ligature لا in most Arabic writing styles but this is less dramatic in Urdu script. |
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Cite error: The named reference
Unicode Extended Arabic
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh Cite error: The named reference
unicode ISO 8859-6
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc Cite error: The named reference
user.uni-hannover
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
book: project fluency
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Urdu: Oxford Living Dictionaries". Urdu: Oxford Living Dictionaries. Retrieved 11 March 2020. Cite error: The named reference "Oxford_Dictionaries" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
LoC
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
omniglot.com
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Cite error: The named reference
Aabid Kashani Ultimate
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b c d e f g h i "Urdu: Oxford Living Dictionaries (Urdu to English Translation)". Urdu: Oxford Living Dictionaries. Retrieved 15 March 2020. Cite error: The named reference "Oxford_Dictionaries_Translation" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b "Urdu: Periodic Table". www.biscuitcitypress.com. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ a b "خلا سے انڈیا کی فضا الگ کیوں دکھائی دیتی ہے؟". BBC News اردو (in Urdu). 27 June 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
github UWSS
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b Zaki, Meekal. Urdu Dictionary - Roman URDU To English Fun Dictionary - Searchable (Kindle Edition. ed.).
- ^ FWP. "Urdu: some thoughts about the script and grammar, and other general notes for students assembled from years of classroom notes by FWP". www.columbia.edu. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
- ^ a b "The chart below gives the different positional variants of some of the significantly different letters. (scanned document)". Linked by www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/urduscript/section00.html#00_01. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
- ^ FWP. "Urdu: some thoughts about the script and grammar, and other general notes for students assembled from years of classroom notes by FWP". www.columbia.edu. Retrieved 28 February 2020.