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Kasuga-taisha[edit]

Kasuga Grand Shrine (春日大社 Kasuga-taisha) is a Shinto shrine in the city of Nara, in Nara Prefecture, Japan. This shrine was established in 768 CE, the same time the previous capital of Nara was founded. Surrounded by the sacred Mount Mikasa, Kasuga hills, the land that it was built upon is said to have been holy ground even before the shrine's establishment [1]. The shrine was constructed by the Fujiwara family who ruled during the Heian period and has since been rebuilt several times over the centuries, usually every 20 years in the process of shikinen sengu. Both Kasuga-taisha and the Kasugayama Primeval Forest that it protects are registered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of the "Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara".The path to Kasuga Shrine passes through Nara Park nearby Man'yo Botanical Garden.[2] This park is home to free roaming deer that are venerated as sacred messengers of the Shinto deities in and around the shrine and mountainous terrain. [3] Kasuga Grand Shrine and the hundreds of deer have been featured in several paintings and works of art of the Nambokucho Period commonly known as Kasuga Mandalas.[1]

History[edit]

Origin[edit]

The birth of this shrine, according to legend, began when the first kami of Kasuga-taisha, Takemikazuchi, rode on the back of a white deer to the top of Mount Mikasa in 768 CE.[4] This kami is said to have traveled from the Kashima Jingu Shrine in order to protect Nara[5]. The shrine location first received favor from the Imperial government in the Heian period as a result of the power from the Fujiwara family as well as Empress Shotoku[6].

From 1871 through 1946, Kasuga Shrine was officially designated one of the Kanpei-taisha (官幣大社), meaning that it stood in the first rank of government supported shrines.

Religious significance[edit]

The four main kami enshrined here are Ame no koyane, Himegami, Futsunushi no mikoto, and Takemikazuchi no mikoto[7]. Though these are the primary divine beings of Kasuga taisha, they are often grouped together as a syncretic, combined deity known as Kasuga Daimyōjin[4], or the "great bright kami of Kasuga."[8] This amalgam lead to the creation of the "Cult of the Kasuga" in which devotees could worship multiple kami at once. Kasuga Daimyōjin is composed of five divine beings and each consists of a Buddhist deity and Shinto kami counterpart. The fifth deity, Ame no oshikumone, was added much later and is said to be the divine child of Ame no koyane and Himegami.[1] The importance of the multifaceted kami was that it became a template for future worshipers who wanted to combine several deities to pray to at once.[8]

Architecture[edit]

The architectural style of Kasuga-taisha comes from the name of it's main hall (honden) known as Kasuga-zukuri. This style consists of gold and red tones that are reminiscent of Chinese architecture. The shrine complex is protected by four cloisters and contains a main sanctuary, treasure house, several different halls, and large gates. One beautiful aspect of this shrine is the many wisteria trees known as "Sunazuri-no-Fuji" that bloom in late April and early May. This shrine is also home to over 3,000 lanterns which are made of either stone or bronze. An entire hall is devoted to them which is Fujinami-no-ya Hall but the lanterns are only lit during the Setsubun Mantoro and Chugen Mantoro festivals.

The four main kami each have a shrine devoted to them which are all in the same architectural style. They are characterized by sloping gabled roofs, a rectangular structure, katsuogi (decorative logs), and chigi (forked roof structures).[9] The first hall established is dedicated to Takemikazuchi no mikoto, the second to Futsunushi no mikoto, the third to Amenokoyane no mikoto, and the final hall is attributed to the consort, Himegami.[5] Several auxillary shrines lie outside the main sanctuary that are dedicated to lesser kami. One is alloted to Tsunofuri no kami, that is commonly known as Tsubakimoto Jinja Shrine or Kayabusa Myojin.[6] Kasenomiya Jinja Shrine is atttributed to Shinatsuhiko no mikoto and Shinatsuhime who are kami of the winds.[6] Wakamiya Jinja Shrine, created in 1135 CE, is one of the more prominent auxillary shrines because it houses the kogami, or offspring kami called Ame no Oshikumono no mikoto. The primary worship here revolves around vengeful gods and the dead and is the location of the Kasuga Wakamiya festival.

The Treasure House at this shrine contains hundreds national treasures as well as about many other cultural properties, most of which are from the Heian period.[6] Some of the most noteworthy items that reside here are ornate taiko drums used in gagaku from the Kamakura period, arrows with crystal whistles from the Heian period, and bronze mirrors of the Heian and Nanboku-cho periods[10].


Festivals[edit]

During the festivals of Setsubun Mantoro (February 3) and Chugen Mantoro (August 14–15), three thousand shrine lanterns are all lit at once. The Setsubun Mantoro refers to the celebration of the seasonal shift from winter to spring while the Chugen Mantoro relates to the transition of summer to fall. They both takes place in order to celebrate the Obon and Setsubun holidays in Japanese culture. At Kasuga Grand shrine, people are seen writing and attaching their wishes, or ema, to the lanterns before lighting them during both festivals. Additionally, it is said that tossing dried beans at these times will ward off bad luck in the future[11].

March 13 is the Kasuga Matsuri, a local festival which features the dances of gagaku and bugaku. Shinto women perform traditional Japanese Yamato-mai dances that date back to the Heian and Nara periods. This festival also holds a horse celebration which consists of a parade through the streets by a "sacred" horse. [12] One will see people dressed in traditional costumes of the Heian to Edo periods and can experience authentic kagura dance displays with dengaku music.

The Kasuga Wakamiya Festival takes place at the Wakamiya Jinja shrine from December 15 to 18th each year. The main goal of this gathering was to ward off disease while promoting new growth for the spring[13]. Like Kasuga Matsuri, attendants can see kagura performances along with a procession in traditional attire.

Kasugayama Primeval Forest[edit]

Kasugayama Primeval Forest is primeval forest of about 250 hectares (620 acres) near the summit of Kasugayama (498 metres (1,634 ft)), and contains 175 kinds of trees, 60 bird types, and 1,180 species of insects. In this area adjacent to Kasuga Grand Shrine, hunting and logging have been prohibited since 841 CE. Because Kasugayama has long been tied to Kasuga Grand Shrine worship, it is regarded as a sacred hill. The forest backdrop of the Kasuga Grand Shrine's buildings today has been unchanged since the Nara period.

See also[edit]

List of National Treasures in Kasuga Treasure House

Map of Kasuga Grand Shrine

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Elizabeth., Ten Grotenhuis, (1999). Japanese mandalas : representations of sacred geography. University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 0824820002. OCLC 39181008.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ "Kasugataisha shrine / About the Shrine / General information". www.kasugataisha.or.jp. Retrieved 2019-03-27.
  3. ^ "Kasuga Deities Departing from Kashima Shrine (J., Kashima Dachi Shin'ei Zu)｜Nara National Museum". www.narahaku.go.jp. Retrieved 2019-03-28.
  4. ^ a b Royall., Tyler, (2016). The miracles of the Kasuga deity. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231534765. OCLC 954193203.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ a b "Main Sanctuary". www.kasugataisha.or.jp. Retrieved 2019-03-28.
  6. ^ a b c d "世界遺産 春日大社 公式ホームページ". www.kasugataisha.or.jp. Retrieved 2019-03-28.
  7. ^ author., Grapard, Allan G., (1992). The protocol of the gods : a study of the Kasuga cult in Japanese history. University of California Press. ISBN 0520070976. OCLC 25873140. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ a b Michael., Ashkenazi, (2011.)). Handbook of Japanese mythology. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781849728560. OCLC 755870995. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Joseph., Cali, (2013). Shinto shrines : a guide to the sacred sites of Japan's ancient religion. University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 9780824837136. OCLC 1043096844.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ 東京国立博物館 -トーハク-. "Eternal Treasures from Kasugataisha Shrine". www.tnm.jp. Retrieved 2019-04-08.
  11. ^ "Setsubun Mantoro | Nara Attractions | Japan Travel | JNTO |". Japan National Tourism Organization (JNTO). Retrieved 2019-04-08.
  12. ^ Smyers, Karen A.; Bocking, Brian (1997). "A Popular Dictionary of Shinto". Monumenta Nipponica. 52 (3): 419. doi:10.2307/2385644. ISSN 0027-0741.
  13. ^ O'Neill, P. G. (Patrick Geoffrey), 1924-2012, author. (2001). Collected writings of P.G. O'Neill = P.G.オニール論文集. Japan Library. ISBN 1873410506. OCLC 46594973. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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