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Tsakhur alphabets[edit]
The Tsakhur script is a script used to write the Tsakhur language. In the Middle Ages, the Tsakhurs used a modified Arabic alphabet-ajam. In 1934-1938, the Tsakhur script was used in the USSR on a Latin graphic basis. Since 1990, in Russia, Tsakhurs have been using an alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet. Since 1996, a Tsakhur alphabet based on the Latin alphabet has been used in Azerbaijan.
Arabic script[edit]
At the end of the XI century, the first madrasah in Dagestan was founded in the village of Tsakhur. Studying the works of the thirteenth-century Arab geographer Zakaria al-Qazvini, the Soviet scientist A. N. Genko found that at that time the Tsakhurs used a modified Arabic alphabet, "ajam", to write their language. Genko wrote: "We have the fact of the existence of a local script, and this writing is Tsakhur. We have works that have been translated into the Tsakhur language." It is known that the books "Compediy Muzani" and "The Book of Imam al Shafei" were translated into the Tsakhur language from Arabic. However, detailed data on the Tsakhur Arabic manuscripts are not available[1][2]. The only known medieval monument in the Tsakhur language is the inscription on the gravestone in the village of Tsakhur, dating back to 1377. This inscription contains the shahada and 8 dedicatory lines[3].
Scientific transcriptions[edit]
The scientific study of the Tsakhur language began at the end of the XIX century. The first short grammatical essay and dictionary was compiled by R. F. Erkert in 1895. Materials for the book were collected by him by sending linguistic questionnaires to the villages, which is why the author could not qualitatively describe the Tsakhur phonetics. [5] To write Tsakhur words, Erkert used the Latin alphabet with several diacritics[6]
In 1913, the first detailed grammar and dictionary of the Tsakhur language was published by A. M. Dirr. In this work, he cites the Tsakhur alphabet, which, however, was used only in scientific works and was not used by the Tsakhurs themselves. The alphabet proposed by Dirr was built on a Cyrillic basis, but also contained several Latin letters.[4]
In scientific works of the Soviet era, it was used as a Cyrillic alphabet based on Lezgin to write Tsakhur texts (B. B. Talibov, Languages of the Peoples of the USSR, Moscow, 1967; G. Kh. Ibragimov. Phonetics of the Tsakhur language, Makhachkala, 1968), and the modified Georgian alphabet (works of E. F. Jeyranishvili).
Latin alphabet of the 1930s[edit]
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In 1934, at the final stage of the process of romanization and the creation of scripts for the peoples of the USSR, A. N. Genko developed a Latinized script for the Tsakhur language.[7] In the same year, teaching in the new alphabet began in schools, and S. A. Jafarov compiled the first textbooks on it (there were 8 of them in total). The basis of the emerging literary language was the dialect of the village of Tsakhur. However, already in 1938, teaching and book publishing in the Tsakhur language was discontinued, it was believed that the cultural needs of the Tsakhur people could be served by the Azerbaijani and Russian languages. Thus, the first official Tsakhur alphabet lasted only 4 years.[8]
Cyrillic[edit]
In 1989, it was decided to teach Tsakhur schoolchildren of the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in their native language from grades 1 to 4. For this purpose, a new Tsakhur alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet was developed, graphically similar to the alphabets of other Dagestani languages. In 1990, the alphabet developed by G. Kh. Ibragimov and N. G. Isaev was officially approved. Since 1992, the teaching of the Tsakhur language in schools began, and in 1993 the first primer was published. It was decided to base the literary language on the Tsakhur-Suvagil dialect. Later, other literature was published in the Cyrillic alphabet, and the newspaper "Nur" began to be published [9][10]
The Tsakhur alphabet used in Russia:[9]
| А а | АI аI | Б б | В в | Г г | ГI гI | Гъ гъ | Гь гь | Д д | Дж дж |
| Е е | Ё ё | Ж ж | З з | И и | Й й | К к | КI кI | Къ къ | Кь кь |
| Л л | М м | Н н | О о | ОI оI | П п | ПI пI | Р р | С с | Т т |
| ТI тI | У у | УI уI | Ф ф | Х х | Хъ хъ | Хь хь | Ц ц | ЦI цI | Ч ч |
| ЧI чI | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы | ЫI ыI | Э э | Ь ь | Ю ю | Я я |
Latin alphabet in Azerbaijan[edit]
In 1996, Azerbaijan created its own version of the Tsakhur alphabet, which was based on the Azerbaijani version of the Latinized script. A primer was published in this alphabet. The alphabet looked like this: A a, AӀ aӀ, B b, V v, Q q, Qъ qъ, D d, E e, I i, Y y, K k, G g, KӀ kӀ, Kь kь, Kъ kъ, L l, M m, N n, O o, OӀ oӀ, P p, PӀ pӀ, R r, T t, TӀ tӀ, U u, UӀ uӀ, Ç ç, ÇӀ çӀ, C c, I ı, IӀ ıӀ, Ƶ ƶ, ƵӀ ƶӀ, F f, X x, Xь xь, QӀ qӀ, Xъ xъ, H h, Ş ş, S s, Z z.[11]
In 2015, the Tsakhur dictionary was published in Azerbaijan, using a modernized version of the Latin alphabet, followed by a number of other editions in the new alphabet.
The modern version of the Tsakhur alphabet used in Azerbaijan:
| A a | Ә ә | B b | С с | Ç ç | Ç' ç' | D d | E e | F f | G g | G' g' |
| Gh gh | Ğ ğ | H h | X x | Xh xh | I ı | I' ı' | İ i | J j | K k | K' k' |
| Q q | Q' q' | L l | M m | N n | O o | Ö ö | P p | P' p' | R r | S s |
| Ş ş | T t | T' t' | Ts ts | Ts' ts' | U u | Ü ü | V v | Y y | Z z | ' |
Alphabet correspondence table[edit]
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References[edit]
- ^ Н. Г. Волкова, Г. А. Сергеева (2002). "Трагические страницы кавказоведения: А. Н. Генко". Репрессированные этнографы. М.: «Восточная литература».
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|url=(help); Unknown parameter|выпуск=ignored (help) - ^ Ф. М. Гусейнов (1998). К истории цахуров. Махачкала.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ М. Магаррамов (07 August 2015). "Медресе в Цахуре. 940 лет со дня открытия". Дагестанская правда.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b А. М. Дирр (1913). "Цахурский язык". Сборник материалов для описания местностей и племен Кавказа. Тифлис.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|выпуск=ignored (help) - ^ Языки народов Российской Федерации и соседних государств. Vol. 3 (1200 экз ed.). М.: Наука. 2005. pp. 334–336. ISBN 5-02-011237-2.
- ^ R. Erckert (1895). Die Sprachen des kaukasischen Stammes: mit einer lithographirten Sprachenkarte. Vol. 2. Wien: Hölder.
- ^ A. Genqo (1934). Sax әlifвasь vә jazь qajdalarь. Bakь.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Г. Х. Ибрагимов (1990). Цахурский язык. М.: "Наука". pp. 3—4. ISBN 5-02-010989-4.
- ^ a b Языки народов Российской Федерации и соседних государств. Vol. 3 (1200 экз ed.). М.: Наука. 2005. pp. 334–336. ISBN 5-02-011237-2.
- ^ Письменные языки мира: Языки Российской Федерации. Vol. 2 (1000 экз ed.). М.: Academia. 2003. p. 567. ISBN 5-87444-191-3.
- ^ AӀbdulla Qarayev (1996). [web.archive.org/web/20170202020602/ebooks.az/view/95tTKFEw.pdf AӀlifbey] (PDF). Bakı: Maarif nәşriyyatı. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2017.
{{cite book}}: Check|archive-url=value (help)