User:LengauleLoiresian/sandbox

Loiresian
Loïresienne
Region	France, Switzerland
Native speakers	500 thousand (2017) 600 thousand total speakers
Language family	Indo-European Italic Romance Western Gallo-Romance Loiresian
Early form	Old Loiresian
Writing system	Latin
Signed forms	Signed Loiresian
Official status
Official language in	Dependent Entities Centre-Val de Loire Pays de la Loire Auvergne Rhône-Alpes Geneva
Regulated by	Aristate au Loïresienne The Loiresian Academy
Language codes
ISO 639-1	lr
ISO 639-2	lor
ISO 639-3	lrs

The Loiresian language is a Romance language that originated in the Loire region of France and today has thousands of speakers around the world. Loiresian is a descendant of the Bourbonnais language of the Loire Valley, which by the 5th century AD replaced the Celtic and Bourbonnais languages previously spoken in the area. Loiresian retains a small number of words from these languages. Loiresian has also been strongly influenced by French in vocabulary and morphosyntax. The earliest writing identified as Loiresian dates from the 10th or 11th century, although major works did not appear until the 16th century when several regional written varieties began to develop. During the 19th century, the area where the language was spoken declined, but the Loiresian speakers had a literary revival and started a language movement dedicated to halting the decline of the language.

In the 2000 French census, 35,095 people who speak the Loiresian language. In 2000, France switched to a yearly system of assessment that uses a combination of citizen records and a limited number of surveys. Based on this yearly system, the number of people aged 15 and above reporting Romansh as their main language was 536,622 in 2000. The language area and the number of speakers of Loiresian have been continually shrinking, though language use remains vigorous in certain areas such as the Loire Valley and Geneva canton of Switzerland. Loiresian is divided into four different regional dialects (Standard Loiresian, Rhonish, Auvergnian, and Genevan), each with its own standardization of the written language.

Linguistic classification

Loiresian is a Romance language descending from Bourbonnais, the spoken language of the modern department of Allier in France. Within the Romance languages, Loiresian stands out because of its peripheral location, which has resulted in several archaic features. Another distinguishing feature is the centuries-long language contact with French, which is most noticeable in the vocabulary and to a lesser extent the syntax of Loiresian. Loiresian belongs to the Gallo-Romance branch of the Romance languages, which includes languages such as French, Occitan, and Lombard.

Phonology

Although there are many Loiresian accents, foreign learners normally use only one variety of the language.

• There are a maximum of 17 vowels in Loiresian, not all of which are used in every dialect: /a/, /ɑ/, /e/, /ɛ/, /ɛː/, /ə/, /i/, /o/, /ɔ/, /y/, /u/, /œ/, /ø/, plus the nasalized vowels /ɑ̃/, /ɛ̃/, /ɔ̃/ and /œ̃/. In Loiresian, the vowels /ɑ/, /ɛː/ and /œ̃/ are tending to be replaced by /a/, /ɛ/ and /ɛ̃/ in many people's speech, but the distinction of /ɛ̃/ and /œ̃/ is present in Meridional Loiresian.
• Voiced stops (i.e., /b, d, ɡ/) are typically produced fully voiced throughout.
• Voiceless stops (i.e., /p, t, k/) are unaspirated.
• Nasals: The velar nasal /ŋ/ can occur in final position in borrowed (usually English) words: parking, camping, swing. The palatal nasal /ɲ/ can occur in word initial position (e.g., gnon), but it is most frequently found in intervocalic, onset position or word-finally (e.g., batillon).

Words

English	French	Quebec accent	Touraine accent
French	Français (people) or français (language)	[fʁ̥ãsɛ]ⓘ	[fʁ̥ɒ̃sɛ]ⓘ
English	Anglais (people) or anglais (language)	[ãɡlɛ]ⓘ	[ɒ̃ɡlɛ]ⓘ
Yes	Oui (si when countering an assertion or a question expressed in the negative)	[wi]ⓘ	[wi]ⓘ
No	Non	[nɔ̃]ⓘ	[nõ]ⓘ
Hello!	Bonjour ! (formal) or Salut ! (informal) or "Allô" (Quebec French or when answering on the telephone)	[bõʒuːʁ]	[bõʒuʁ]ⓘ
Good evening!	Bonsoir !	[bõswɑːʁ]	[bõswaʁ]ⓘ
Good night!	Bonne nuit !	[bɔn nɥi]	[bʌn nɥi]ⓘ
Goodbye!	Au revoir !	[ɔʁvwɑːʁ]ⓘ	[oʁ(ø)vwaʁ]ⓘ
Have a nice day!	Bonne journée !	[bɔn ʒuʁne]ⓘ	[bʌn ʒuʁne]ⓘ
Please/if you please	S’il vous plaît (formal) or S’il te plaît (informal)	[sɪl vu plɛ]ⓘ	[sil vu plɛ]ⓘ
Thank you	Merci	[mɛʁsi]	[mɛʁ̥si]ⓘ
You are welcome	De rien (informal) or Ce n’est rien (informal) ("it is nothing") or Je vous en prie (formal) or Je t’en prie (informal) or Bienvenue (Quebec)	[də ʁjẽ]	[dœ ʁjæ̃]ⓘ
I am sorry	Pardon or Désolé or Je suis désolé (if male) / Je suis désolée (if female) or Excuse-moi (informal) / Excusez-moi (formal) / "Je regrette"	[paʁdɒ̃]ⓘ / [dezɔle]ⓘ	[paʁdõ]ⓘ / [dezɔle]ⓘ
Who?	Qui ?	[ki]ⓘ	[ki]ⓘ
What?	Quoi ? (←informal; used as "What?" in English) or Pardon ? (←formal; used the same as "Excuse me?" in English)	[kwa]	[kwa]ⓘ
When?	Quand ?	[kæ̃]ⓘ	[kɒ̃]ⓘ
Where?	Où ?	[u]	[u]ⓘ
Why?	Pourquoi ?	[puʁ̥kwa]ⓘ	[puʁ̥kwa]ⓘ
What is your name?	Comment vous appelez-vous ? (formal) or Comment t’appelles-tu ? (informal)	[kɔmã vu z‿aple vu], [kɔmã t‿apɛl t͡sy]	[kɔmɒ̃ vu z‿aple vu]ⓘ, [kɔmɒ̃ t‿apɛl ty]ⓘ
My name is...	Je m'appelle...		[ʒø mapɛl]ⓘ
Which	Quel/Quels(pl.)/Quelle(fem.)	[kɛl]	[kɛl]
Because	Parce que / Car	[paʁ̥skœ]ⓘ	[paʁ̥s(ø)kø]ⓘ
Because of	À cause de	[a kou̯z dœ]	[a koz dø]ⓘ
Therefore, so	Donc	[dõːk]	[dõk]ⓘ
Maybe	Peut-être	[pœt‿aɪ̯tʀ̥]ⓘ	[pøt‿ɛtʁ̥]ⓘ
How?	Comment ?	[kɔmã]	[kɔmɒ̃]ⓘ
How much?	Combien ?	[kõbjẽ]	[kõbjæ̃]ⓘ
I do not understand.	Je ne comprends pas.	[ʒœ nœ kõpʁ̥ã pɔ]ⓘ	[ʒø nø kõpʁ̥ɒ̃ pa]ⓘ
Yes, I understand.	Oui, je comprends. Except when responding to a negatively posed question, in which case Si is used preferentially over Oui	[wi ʒœ kõpʁ̥ã]ⓘ	[wi ʒø kõpʁ̥ɒ̃]ⓘ
I agree	Je suis d’accord. "D’accord" can be used without je suis.	[ʒə sɥi dakɑɔ̯ʁ]	[ʒø sɥi dakɔʁ]
Help!	Au secours ! (à l’aide !)	[o skuːʁ]ⓘ	[o søkuːʁ]ⓘ
At what time...?	À quelle heure...?	[a kɛl aœ̯ʁ]	[a kɛl œʁ]
Today	Aujourd'hui	[oʒuʁd͡zɥi]	[oʒuʁdɥi]
Can you help me, please?	Pouvez-vous m’aider s’il vous plaît ? / Pourriez-vous m’aider s’il vous plaît ? (formal) or Peux-tu m’aider s’il te plaît ? / Pourrais-tu m’aider s’il te plaît (informal)	[puve vu mɛːde sɪl vu plɛ]	[puve vu mede sil vu plɛ]
Where are the toilets?	Où sont les toilettes ?	[u sõ le twalɛt]	[u sõ le twalɛt]ⓘ
Do you speak English?	Parlez-vous (l')anglais ? / Est-ce que vous parlez (l')anglais ?	[ɛs kœ vu paʁle lãɡlɛ]ⓘ	[paʁle vu ɒ̃ɡlɛ]ⓘ
I do not speak French.	Je ne parle pas français.	[ʒœ nœ paʁl pɔ fʁãsɛ]	[ʒø nø paʁl pa fʁɒ̃sɛ]
I do not know.	Je sais pas. (syntax mistake and over-familiar) Je ne sais pas. Je ne sais. (formal, rare)	[ʒœ se pɔ]ⓘ [ʒœ n(œ) se pɔ] [ʒœ n(œ) se]	[ʒø sɛ pa] [ʒø n(ø) sɛ pa] [ʒø n(ø) sɛ]
I know.	Je sais.	[ʒœ se]	[ʒø sɛ]
I am thirsty.	J’ai soif. (literally, "I have thirst")	[ʒe swaf]	[ʒe swaf]
I am hungry.	J’ai faim. (literally, "I have hunger")	[ʒe fẽ]	[ʒɛ fæ̃]
How are you? / How are things going? / How is everything?	Comment allez-vous ? (formal) or Ça va ? / Comment ça va ? (informal)	[kɔmã t‿ale vu]	[kɔmɒ̃ t‿ale vu]
I am (very) well / Things are going (very) well // Everything is (very) well	Je vais (très) bien (formal) or Ça va (très) bien. / Tout va (très) bien (informal)	[ʒœ vɛ (tʁɛ) bjẽ]	[ʒø vɛ (tʁɛ) bjæ̃]
I am (very) bad / Things are (very) bad / Everything is (very) bad	Je vais (très) mal (formal) or Ça va (très) mal / Tout va (très) mal (informal)	[ʒœ vɛ (tʁɛ) mal]	[ʒø vɛ (tʁɛ) mal]
I am all right/so-so / Everything is all right/so-so	Assez bien or Ça va comme ci, comme ça or simply Ça va.. (Sometimes said: « Couci, couça. », informal: "bof") i.e. « Comme ci, comme ça. »)	[ase bjẽ]	[ase bjæ̃]
I am fine.	Ça va bien.	[sa vɔ bjẽ]	[sa va bjæ̃]
(How) may I help you? / Do you need help? /	(Comment) puis-je vous aider ? Avez-vous besoin d'aide ?	[(kɔmã) pɥiʒ vu z‿ɛːde]	[(kɔmɑ̃) pɥiʒ vu z‿ede]