User:Mathglot/sandbox/Section structure of Révolution française
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- the lead of the French article, translated into English
- all of the original section headers from the French article, translated into English (but no section content)
- {{Main}} and {{Further}} links, added to most of the sections.
The first two types are translated content from the French article. The third type involves new content not in the original: since the sections below are empty, I added some Main/Further links to give a sense of some of the central points of the content of those sections in the original. But only the first two types faithfully represent content at the French article.
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The French Revolution was a period of large-scale social and political upheaval in France, in its colonies and in Europe at the end of the eighteenth century. The period usually included extends from the opening of the Estates General of 1789 on 5 May 1789, to, at the latest, the coup d'État of Napoleon I on 9 November 1799. This period in the history of France put an end to the Ancien Régime by replacing the absolute monarchy with a series of more or less defined regimes, including the French First Republic a little more than three years after the storming of the Bastille.
The French Revolution brought forth completely new political forms, notably via the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789 which proclaimed the equality of citizens before the law, fundamental liberties, and the sovereignty of the Nation, and formed around a State. As a "national myth", French revolutionary values and institutions still dominate French political life. The Revolution led to the suppression of the society of orders (feudalism, and its attendant seigneurial privileges), a greater division of land ownership, limitations of the exercise of political power, the rebalancing of relations between Church and state, and the redefinition of family structures.
It was marked by periods of great violence, notably during the Reign of Terror, during the attempted counterrevolution of the Vendee uprising in which several hundred thousand people died, during the federalist revolts of 1793, or in the struggles between rival revolutionary factions, which resulted in the deaths of the main revolutionary figures one after another.
The French Revolutionary Wars, which affected a large part of continental Europe, propagated revolutionary ideas and contributed to the abolition of the society of orders in Western Europe, in the "sister republics" and then throughout Europe.[1]
The French Revolution "differs from other revolutions in its universalist demands in that it is destined to benefit all humanity".[2][page needed][a] From its inception, the universal scope of the ideas of the French Revolution [fr] was proclaimed by its supporters and the extent of its consequences was emphasized by its detractors.[b].
The Revolution remained an object of debate[3][page needed] as well as a controversial point of reference throughout the two centuries that followed it, in France and in the world.[c] It created immediate and lasting divisions between the supporters of revolutionary ideas and the defenders of the old order, as well as between anti-clericalism and the Catholic Church. It is considered by the majority of historians to be one of the major events in world history.[7][8]
It marked the beginning of a period of great institutional instability in France and in Europe during which three constitutional monarchies, two short-lived republics, and two empires succeeded one another until the definitive birth of the French Republic in the 1870s. Contemporary history is marked by the legacy of the French Revolution, as the historical event which most revolutionary movements perceive as a precursor event.[1] Its lofty words and cultural symbols became the banners of other major upheavals in modern history, including that of the Russian Revolution more than a century later.[9]
Chronology and periodization[edit]
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France in the 1780s[edit]
French society[edit]
Resistance to absolute monarchy and desire for reform[edit]
Further information: Precursors of the French Revolution [fr] and French Pre-Revolution [fr]
1789: end of the absolute monarchy and the Ancien Regime[edit]
Further information: Precursors of the French Revolution [fr]
Revolution in law (May 1789 – early July)[edit]
Electoral campaign for deputies to the Estates General[edit]
Deputies of the Third Estate oppose the king[edit]
Summer 1789[edit]
July Crisis[edit]
Further information: Paris riots of 12 July 1789 [fr]
Storming of the Bastille – July 14[edit]
Municipal uprisings[edit]
Fear in the French countryside and night of August 4, 1789[edit]
Women's march on Versailles – 5 and 6 October 1789[edit]
Rebirth of France[edit]
Administrative reorganization[edit]
The religious question[edit]
Further information: Decree against refractory clergy [fr]
Failure of the Constitutional Monarchy[edit]
Festival of the Federation[edit]
Varennes and its aftermath[edit]
Constitution of 1791[edit]
Legislative Assembly[edit]
Social and religious unrest[edit]
Declaration of war[edit]
Royal vetos[edit]
10 August 1792[edit]
Forces present at the Convention[edit]
French First Republic[edit]
Girondists and montagnards[edit]
Trial and death of Louis XVI[edit]
Vendée wars[edit]
End of the girondists[edit]
Republic in Danger – 1793[edit]
Reign of Terror[edit]
Laws, popular movements and governmental consolidation of power[edit]
Victories and repressions[edit]
Defeat of the Vendée[edit]
Government stabilization and popular crisis[edit]
Revolutionary Government[edit]
Dechristianization[edit]
Struggle among the factions[edit]
Conflict of Germinal, Year II – March 1794[edit]
Outcome and consequences[edit]
Robespierre and the Terror[edit]
Thermidorian Reaction 1794 – 1795[edit]
The Directory (October 26, 1795 - November 9, 1799)[edit]
Notes and References[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ Aulard: "differs from other revolutions..." – diffère des autres révolutions par ses exigences universalistes en ce qu'elle est destinée à bénéficier à toute l'humanité.
- ^ This was the case in Edmund Burke's influential work, "Reflections on the Revolution in France" published in London in 1790.[full citation needed]
- ^ In particular, in those works which looked into the question of revolutionary violence. See for example, Furet (2013)[4] Martin (2006)[5], or Hanson (2009).[6]
References[edit]
- ^ a b Palmer & Colton 1978, p. 361.
- ^ Aulard 1910.
- ^ Biard & Dupuy 2004.
- ^ Furet 2013.
- ^ Martin 2006.
- ^ Hanson 2009.
- ^ Frey & Frey 2004, p. 341.
- ^ Fehér 1990, p. 117–130.
- ^ Shlapentokh 1997, p. 220–228.
Appendixes[edit]
Bibliography[edit]
- Aulard, François Alphonse (1901). "II L'Idée républicaine et démocratique au début de la Revolution". Histoire politique de la révolution française. Origines et développement de la Démocratie et de la République (1789-1804). Par A. Aulard (in French). Armand Colin. p. 47. OCLC 421840138.
- Aulard, François-Alphonse (1910) [1st pub. A. Colin (1901)]. "2 Democratic and Republican Ideas at the Outset of the Revolution". The French Revolution, a Political History 1789-1804: The revolution under the monarchy, 1789-1792. Vol. 1. Translated by Miall, Bernard. T. F. Unwin. p. 159. OCLC 6420277.
- Biard, Michel; Dupuy, Pascal (2004). La révolution française: dynamiques, influences, débats, 1787-1804. Collection U : Histoire (in French). Paris: A. Colin. ISBN 978-2-200-26385-0. OCLC 634865399.
- Fehér, Ferenc (1 January 1990). The French Revolution and the Birth of Modernity. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07120-9. OCLC 1014506017.
- Frey, Linda S.; Frey, Marsha (2004). The French Revolution. Greenwood guides to historic events, 1500-1900. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-32193-1. OCLC 52251076.
- Furet, François (2013-08-19). Penser la Révolution française. Collection Folio; Histoire 3 (in French). Gallimard. ISBN 978-2-07-249751-3. OCLC 937873780.
- Martin, Jean-Clément (2006). Violence et révolution: essai sur la naissance d'un mythe national. L'univers historique (in French). Paris: Seuil. ISBN 978-2-02-043842-1. OCLC 469970565.
- Hanson, Paul R. (17 February 2009). Contesting the French Revolution. Contesting the past, 2009: 1. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-6083-4. OCLC 901204109.
- Palmer, Robert Roswell; Colton, Joel (1978). A History of the Modern World (5th ed.). New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-32040-3. OCLC 3016779.
- Shlapentokh, Dmitry (1997). The French Revolution and the Russian Anti-Democratic Tradition: A Case of False Consciousness. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Pub. ISBN 978-1-351-29274-0. OCLC 1022788249.