User:Mr. Ibrahem/Glaucoma
| Glaucoma | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Acute angle closure glaucoma of the person's right eye (shown at left). Note the mid-sized pupil, which was non-reactive to light, and redness of the white part of the eye. | |
| Specialty | Ophthalmology |
| Symptoms | Vision loss, eye pain, mid-dilated pupil, redness of the eye, nausea[1][2] |
| Usual onset | Gradual, or sudden[2] |
| Risk factors | Increased pressure in the eye, family history, high blood pressure[1] |
| Diagnostic method | Dilated eye examination[1] |
| Differential diagnosis | Uveitis, trauma, keratitis, conjunctivitis[3] |
| Treatment | Medication, laser, surgery[1] |
| Frequency | 6–67 million[2][4] |
Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases which result in damage to the optic nerve and cause vision loss.[1] The most common type is open-angle glaucoma, in which the drainage angle for fluid within the eye remains open, with less common types including closed-angle glaucoma and normal-tension glaucoma.[1] Open-angle glaucoma develops slowly over time and there is no pain.[1] Peripheral vision may begin to decrease, followed by central vision, resulting in blindness if not treated.[1] Closed-angle glaucoma can present gradually or suddenly.[2] The sudden presentation may involve severe eye pain, blurred vision, mid-dilated pupil, redness of the eye, and nausea.[1][2] Vision loss from glaucoma, once it has occurred, is permanent.[1]
Risk factors for glaucoma include increased pressure in the eye, a family history of the condition, and high blood pressure.[1] For eye pressures, a value of greater than 21 mmHg or 2.8 kPa is often used, with higher pressures leading to a greater risk.[2][5] However, some may have high eye pressure for years and never develop damage.[2] Conversely, optic nerve damage may occur with normal pressure, known as normal-tension glaucoma.[6] The mechanism of open-angle glaucoma is believed to be slow exit of aqueous humor through the trabecular meshwork, while in closed-angle glaucoma the iris blocks the trabecular meshwork.[2] Diagnosis is by a dilated eye examination.[1] Often, the optic nerve shows an abnormal amount of cupping.[2]
If treated early, it is possible to slow or stop the progression of disease with medication, laser treatment, or surgery.[1][7] The goal of these treatments is to decrease eye pressure.[2] A number of different classes of glaucoma medication are available.[2] Laser treatments may be effective in both open-angle and closed-angle glaucoma.[2] A number of types of glaucoma surgeries may be used in people who do not respond sufficiently to other measures.[2] Treatment of closed-angle glaucoma is a medical emergency.[1]
About 6 to 67 million people have glaucoma globally.[2][4] The disease affects about 2 million people in the United States.[2] It occurs more commonly among older people.[1] Closed-angle glaucoma is more common in women.[2] Glaucoma has been called the "silent thief of sight", because the loss of vision usually occurs slowly over a long period of time.[8] Worldwide, glaucoma is the second-leading cause of blindness after cataracts.[2][9] Cataracts caused 51% of blindness in 2010, while glaucoma caused 8%.[10] The word "glaucoma" is from Ancient Greek glaukos, which means "shimmering".[11] In English, the word was used as early as 1587 but did not become commonly used until after 1850, when the development of the ophthalmoscope allowed people to see the optic nerve damage.[12]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Facts About Glaucoma". National Eye Institute. Archived from the original on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Mantravadi, AV; Vadhar, N (September 2015). "Glaucoma". Primary Care. 42 (3): 437–49. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2015.05.008. ISSN 0095-4543. PMID 26319348.
- ^ Ferri, Fred F. (2010). Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Mosby. p. Chapter G. ISBN 978-0323076999.
- ^ a b GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
{{cite journal}}:|first1=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Rhee, Douglas J. (2012). Glaucoma (2 ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 180. ISBN 9781609133375. OCLC 744299538.
- ^ Mi, Xue-Song; Yuan, Ti-Fei; So, Kwok-Fai (16 September 2014). "The current research status of normal tension glaucoma". Clinical Interventions in Aging. 9: 1563–71. doi:10.2147/CIA.S67263. PMC 4172068. PMID 25258525.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Vass, C.; Hirn, C.; Sycha, T.; Findl, O.; Bauer, P.; Schmetterer, L. (2007-10-17). "Medical interventions for primary open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (4): CD003167. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003167.pub3. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 6768994. PMID 17943780.
- ^ "Glaucoma: The 'silent thief' begins to tell its secrets" (Press release). National Eye Institute. 21 January 2014. Archived from the original on 23 July 2015.
- ^ Resnikoff, Serge; Pascolini, Donatella; Etya'Ale, Daniel; Kocur, Ivo; Pararajasegaram, Ramachandra; Pokharel, Gopal P.; Mariotti, Silvio P. (2004). "Global data on visual impairment in the year 2002". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 82 (11): 844–51. doi:10.1590/S0042-96862004001100009 (inactive 2020-06-07). PMC 2623053. PMID 15640920. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2020 (link) - ^ GLOBAL DATA ON VISUAL IMPAIRMENTS 2010 (PDF). World Health Organization. 2010. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
- ^ "Greek Dictionary Headword Search Results". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 2020-03-31.
- ^ Leffler CT, Schwartz SG, Stackhouse R, Davenport B, Spetzler K (2013). "Evolution and impact of eye and vision terms in written English". JAMA Ophthalmology. 131 (12): 1625–31. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.917. PMID 24337558. Archived from the original on 23 December 2014.