User:Mr. Ibrahem/Inguinal hernia
| Inguinal hernia | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Diagram of an indirect, scrotal inguinal hernia (median view from the left). | |
| Pronunciation | |
| Specialty | General surgery |
| Symptoms | Pain, bulging in the groin[1] |
| Complications | Strangulation[1] |
| Usual onset | < 1 year old, > 50 years old[2] |
| Risk factors | Family history, smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obesity, pregnancy, peritoneal dialysis, collagen vascular disease, previous open appendectomy[1][2][3] |
| Diagnostic method | Based on symptoms, medical imaging[1] |
| Treatment | Conservative, surgery[1] |
| Frequency | 27% (males), 3% (females)[1] |
| Deaths | 59,800 (2015)[4] |
An inguinal hernia is a hernia (protrusion) of abdominal-cavity contents through the inguinal canal.[1] Symptoms are present in about 66% of affected people.[1] This may include pain or discomfort especially with coughing, exercise, or bowel movements.[1] Often it gets worse throughout the day and improves when lying down.[1] A bulging area may occur that becomes larger when bearing down.[1] Inguinal hernias occur more often on the right than left side.[1] The main concern is strangulation, where the blood supply to part of the intestine is blocked.[1] This usually produces severe pain and tenderness of the area.[1]
Risk factors include smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obesity, pregnancy, peritoneal dialysis, collagen vascular disease, and previous open appendectomy.[1][2] Hernias are partly genetic and occur more often in certain families.[1] It is unclear if inguinal hernias are associated with heavy lifting.[1] Hernias can often be diagnosed based on symptoms.[1] Occasionally medical imaging is used to confirm the diagnosis or rule out other possible causes.[1]
Groin hernias that do not cause symptoms in males do not need to be repaired.[1] Repair, however, is generally recommended in females due to the higher rate of femoral hernias which have more complications.[1] If strangulation occurs immediate surgery is required.[1] Repair may be done by open surgery or laparoscopic surgery.[1] Open surgery has the benefit of possibly being done under local anesthesia rather than general anesthesia.[1] Laparoscopic surgery generally has less pain following the procedure.[1][5]
In 2015 inguinal, femoral, and abdominal hernias affected about 18.5 million people.[6] About 27% of males and 3% of females develop a groin hernia at some time in their life.[1] Groin hernias occur most often before the age of one and after the age of fifty.[2] Globally, inguinal, femoral and abdominal hernias resulted in 60,000 deaths in 2015 and 55,000 in 1990.[4][7]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Fitzgibbons RJ, Jr; Forse, RA (19 February 2015). "Clinical practice. Groin hernias in adults" (PDF). The New England Journal of Medicine. 372 (8): 756–63. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1404068. PMID 25693015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
- ^ a b c d Domino, Frank J. (2014). The 5-minute clinical consult 2014 (22nd ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 562. ISBN 9781451188509. Archived from the original on 2017-08-22. Retrieved 2022-01-25.
- ^ Burcharth J, Pommergaard HC, Rosenberg J (2013). "The inheritance of groin hernia: a systematic review". Hernia. 17 (2): 183–9. doi:10.1007/s10029-013-1060-4. PMID 23423330. S2CID 27799467.
- ^ a b GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
{{cite journal}}:|first1=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Simons MP, Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M (August 2009). "European Hernia Society guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult patients". Hernia. 13 (4): 343–403. doi:10.1007/s10029-009-0529-7. PMC 2719730. PMID 19636493.
- ^ GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
{{cite journal}}:|first1=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators (17 December 2014). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442.
{{cite journal}}:|first1=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)