User:Mr. Ibrahem/Ketorolac

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Mr. Ibrahem/Ketorolac
Clinical data
Trade namesToradol, Acular, Sprix, others
Other namesKetorolac tromethamine
AHFS/Drugs.comSystemic: Monograph
Eyes: Monograph
MedlinePlusa693001
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: C
Routes of
administration		By mouth, under the tongue, IM, IV, eye drops, nasal spray
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability80 - 100% (oral) 100% IV/IM
MetabolismLiver
Elimination half-life3.5 h to 9.2 h, young adults;
4.7 h to 8.6 h, elderly (mean age 72)
ExcretionKidney: 91.4% (mean)
Biliary: 6.1% (mean)
Identifiers
  • (±)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC15H13NO3
Molar mass255.273 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
ChiralityRacemic mixture
  • O=C(c1ccc2n1CCC2C(=O)O)c3ccccc3
  • InChI=1S/C15H13NO3/c17-14(10-4-2-1-3-5-10)13-7-6-12-11(15(18)19)8-9-16(12)13/h1-7,11H,8-9H2,(H,18,19) checkY
  • Key:OZWKMVRBQXNZKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
 ☒NcheckY (what is this?)  (verify)

Ketorolac, sold under the brand name Toradol among others, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat pain.[2] Specifically it is recommended for moderate to severe pain.[3] Recommended duration of treatment is less than six days.[2] It is used by mouth, by nose, by injection into a vein or muscle, and as eye drops.[2][3] Effects begin within an hour and last for up to eight hours.[2]

Common side effects include sleepiness, dizziness, abdominal pain, swelling, and nausea.[2] Serious side effects may include stomach bleeding, kidney failure, heart attacks, bronchospasm, heart failure, and anaphylaxis.[2] Use is not recommended during the last part of pregnancy or during breastfeeding.[2] Ketorolac works by blocking cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX1 and COX2), thereby decreasing production of prostaglandins.[2][4]

Ketorolac was patented in 1976 and approved for medical use in 1989.[5][2] It is available as a generic medication.[3] In the United Kingdom it costs the NHS less than £1 per injectable dose as of 2019.[3] In the United States the wholesale cost of this amount is about US$1.50.[6] In 2017, it was the 271st most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than one million prescriptions.[7][8]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index". www.whocc.no. Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Ketorolac Tromethamine Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 8 April 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
  3. ^ a b c d British national formulary : BNF 76 (76 ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. 2018. pp. 1144, 1302–1303. ISBN 9780857113382.
  4. ^ "DailyMed - ketorolac tromethamine tablet, film coated". dailymed.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  5. ^ Fischer, Jnos; Ganellin, C. Robin (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 521. ISBN 9783527607495. Archived from the original on 2021-08-29. Retrieved 2020-05-28.
  6. ^ "NADAC as of 2019-02-27". Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Archived from the original on 2019-03-06. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
  7. ^ "The Top 300 of 2020". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  8. ^ "Ketorolac Tromethamine - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
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