User:Mr. Ibrahem/Methylphenidate

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Not to be confused with Ethylphenidate.


Methylphenidate
Clinical data
Pronunciation/ˌmɛθəlˈfɛnɪdeɪt, -ˈfiː-/
Trade namesRitalin, Concerta, others
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa682188
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: B3
Dependence
liability		High[1]
Addiction
liability		High[2]
Routes of
administration		By mouth, transdermal[1]
Drug classCNS stimulant
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
BioavailabilityApprox. 30% (range: 11–52%)
Protein binding10–33%
MetabolismLiver (80%) mostly CES1A1-mediated
Elimination half-life2–3 hours[3]
ExcretionUrine (90%)
Identifiers
  • Methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC14H19NO2
Molar mass233.31 g/mol
3D model (JSmol)
Melting point74 °C (165 °F) [4]
Boiling point136 °C (277 °F) [4]
  • O=C(OC)C(C1CCCCN1)C2=CC=CC=C2
  • InChI=1S/C14H19NO2/c1-17-14(16)13(11-7-3-2-4-8-11)12-9-5-6-10-15-12/h2-4,7-8,12-13,15H,5-6,9-10H2,1H3 checkY
  • Key:DUGOZIWVEXMGBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Methylphenidate, sold under the trade name Ritalin among others, is a stimulant medication used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy.[1] It is a first line medication for ADHD.[1] It may be taken by mouth or applied to the skin.[1] Different formulations have varying durations of effect.[1]

Common side effects of methylphenidate include difficulty sleeping, decreased appetite, anxiety, and weight loss.[1] More serious side effects may include psychosis, allergic reactions, prolonged erections, substance abuse, and heart problems.[1] Methylphenidate is believed to work by blocking dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake by neurons.[6][7] Methylphenidate is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the phenethylamine and piperidine classes.[1][8]

Methylphenidate was first made in 1944 and was approved for medical use in the United States in 1955.[1][9] It was originally sold by Swiss company CIBA, now Novartis Corporation.[9] It is estimated that in 2013, 2.4 billion doses of methylphenidate were taken worldwide.[10] In 2017, it was the 47th-most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 16 million prescriptions.[11][12] It is available as a generic medication.[1] In the United States, the wholesale cost of the immediate release formulation is less than US$0.30 per dose as of 2018.[13]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Methylphenidate Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. AHFS. Archived from the original on 19 December 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
  2. ^ Bonewit-West, Kathy; Hunt, Sue A.; Applegate, Edith (2012). Today's Medical Assistant: Clinical and Administrative Procedures. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 571. ISBN 9781455701506. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  3. ^ Kimko HC, Cross JT, Abernethy DR (December 1999). "Pharmacokinetics and clinical effectiveness of methylphenidate". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 37 (6): 457–70. doi:10.2165/00003088-199937060-00002. PMID 10628897.
  4. ^ a b "Chemical and Physical Properties". Methylphenidate. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 5 August 2020. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |website= ignored (help)
  5. ^ "WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index". www.whocc.no. Archived from the original on 1 June 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  6. ^ Arnsten AF, Li BM (2005). "Neurobiology of Executive Functions: Catecholamine Influences on Prefrontal Cortical Functions". Biological Psychiatry. 57 (11): 1377–84. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.08.019. PMID 15950011.
  7. ^ Stahl, Stephen M. (11 April 2013). Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific Basis and Practical Applications (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107686465.
  8. ^ Preedy, Victor R. (2016). Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse Volume 3: General Processes and Mechanisms, Prescription Medications, Caffeine and Areca, Polydrug Misuse, Emerging Addictions and Non-Drug Addictions. Academic Press. p. 651. ISBN 9780128006771. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  9. ^ a b Lange KW, Reichl S, Lange KM, Tucha L, Tucha O (2010). "The history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder". ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders. 2 (4): 241–55. doi:10.1007/s12402-010-0045-8. PMC 3000907. PMID 21258430.
  10. ^ March 2015, The Pharmaceutical Journal6. "Narcotics monitoring board reports 66% increase in global consumption of methylphenidate". Pharmaceutical Journal. Archived from the original on 19 December 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2018.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ "The Top 300 of 2020". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  12. ^ "Methylphenidate - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  13. ^ "NADAC as of 2018-12-19". Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Archived from the original on 19 December 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
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