User:Mr. Ibrahem/Mitral valve prolapse

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Mitral valve prolapse
Other namesFloppy mitral valve syndrome, systolic click murmur syndrome, billowing mitral leaflet[1]
Drawing of the leaflets of the mitral valve prolapsing back into the left atrium.
SpecialtyCardiology
SymptomsNone, chest pain, shortness of breath, palpitations[1]
ComplicationsMitral regurgitation, atrial fibrillation, infective endocarditis, stroke, cardiac arrest[1]
Usual onsetOften present at birth[2]
DurationLifelong
TypesFibroelastic deficiency, Barlow's disease[3]
CausesUnknown[2]
Risk factorsEhlers-Danlos syndrome, Marfan syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta[1]
Diagnostic methodEchocardiogram, auscultation[1]
TreatmentWatchful waiting, mitral valve repair or replacement[3]
Frequency2-3%[4]

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a valvular heart disease in which mitral valve leaflets enter into the left atrium when the ventricle contracts.[1] Symptoms vary from none, to chest pain, shortness of breath, palpitations, and anxiety.[1][3] Complications may include mitral regurgitation, atrial fibrillation, infective endocarditis, stroke, and cardiac arrest.[1]

The cause is unknown.[2] The underlying mechanism may involve myxomatous degeneration of the valve or as the result of other health problems such as Ehler-Danlos Syndrome, Marfan syndrome, and Graves' disease.[1] It is also associated with pectus excavatum, scoliosis, and family history of the condition.[3] Diagnosis is generally suspected based on hearing a mid-systolic click followed by a heart murmur and confirmed by ultrasound of the heart.[1][3] There are two types: classic with leaflet thickening; and non-classic without leaflet thickening.[3]

Most people require no treatment and have no significant problems during long term follow up.[2][3] In those with symptoms and severe mitral regurgitation, mitral valve repair or replacement may be an option.[3] In those without symptoms recommendations for surgery are based on ejection fraction less than 60%, left ventricular end-systolic dimension (LVESD) more than 4 or 4.5 cm, pulmonary artery pressure greater than 50 mmHg, or the presence of atrial fibrillation.[3]

Mitral valve prolapse affects about 2–3% of the population.[4] In 1966 the condition was described by John Brereton Barlow with its current name provided by J. Michael Criley.[5][6][7] The mid-systolic click followed by systolic murmur had been noticed early in 1887 by M. Cuffer and M. Barbillon.[8][9]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Shah, SN; Gangwani, MK; Oliver, TI (January 2022). "Mitral Valve Prolapse". PMID 29262039. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ^ a b c d "Mitral Valve Prolapse | NHLBI, NIH". www.nhlbi.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 2021-11-11. Retrieved 2021-11-11.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Althunayyan, Aeshah; Petersen, Steffen E; Lloyd, Guy; Bhattacharyya, Sanjeev (2 January 2019). "Mitral valve prolapse". Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy. 17 (1): 43–51. doi:10.1080/14779072.2019.1553619.
  4. ^ a b Basso, C; Iliceto, S; Thiene, G; Perazzolo Marra, M (10 September 2019). "Mitral Valve Prolapse, Ventricular Arrhythmias, and Sudden Death". Circulation. 140 (11): 952–964. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.034075. PMID 31498700.
  5. ^ Orsinelli, David A. (17 April 2015). Color Atlas and Synopsis of Echocardiography. McGraw Hill Professional. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-07-182954-0. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  6. ^ Barlow JB, Bosman CK (February 1966). "Aneurysmal protrusion of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve. An auscultatory-electrocardiographic syndrome". American Heart Journal. 71 (2): 166–178. doi:10.1016/0002-8703(66)90179-7. PMID 4159172.
  7. ^ Criley JM, Lewis KB, Humphries JO, Ross RS (July 1966). "Prolapse of the mitral valve: clinical and cine-angiocardiographic findings". British Heart Journal. 28 (4): 488–496. doi:10.1136/hrt.28.4.488. PMC 459076. PMID 5942469.
  8. ^ Grau JB, Pirelli L, Yu PJ, Galloway AC, Ostrer H (October 2007). "The genetics of mitral valve prolapse". Clinical Genetics. 72 (4): 288–295. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2007.00865.x. PMID 17850623. S2CID 40874345.
  9. ^ Anyanwu AC, Adams DH (2007). "Etiologic classification of degenerative mitral valve disease: Barlow's disease and fibroelastic deficiency". Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 19 (2): 90–96. doi:10.1053/j.semtcvs.2007.04.002. PMID 17870001.
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