User:Mr. Ibrahem/Paracetamol

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Mr. Ibrahem/Paracetamol
Clinical data
PronunciationParacetamol: /ˌpærəˈsiːtəmɒl/
Acetaminophen: /əˌsiːtəˈmɪnəfɪn/ ⓘ
Trade namesTylenol, Panadol, others[1]
Other namesN-acetyl-para-aminophenol (APAP), acetaminophen (USAN US)
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa681004
License data
Pregnancy
category
Routes of
administration		By mouth, through the cheek, rectal, intravenous (IV)
Drug classAnalgesics, antipyretics
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability63–89%[3]: 73 
Protein binding10–25%[4]
MetabolismPredominantly in the liver[8]
MetabolitesAPAP gluc, APAP sulfate, APAP GSH, APAP cys, NAPQI[5]
Onset of actionPain relief onset by route:
By mouth – 37 minutes[6]
Buccal – 15 minutes[6]
Intravenous – 8 minutes[6]
Elimination half-life2–2.5 hours[7]
ExcretionUrine (85–90%)[8]
Identifiers
  • N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC8H9NO2
Molar mass151.163 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
Density1.263 g/cm3
Melting point169 °C (336 °F) [9][10]
Boiling point420 °C (788 °F)
Solubility in water
  • 7.21 g/kg (0 °C)[11]
  • 8.21 g/kg (5 °C)[11]
  • 9.44 g/kg (10 °C)[11]
  • 10.97 g/kg (15 °C)[11]
  • 12.78 g/kg (20 °C)[11]
  • ~14 mg/ml (20 °C)
  • CC(=O)Nc1ccc(O)cc1
  • InChI=1S/C8H9NO2/c1-6(10)9-7-2-4-8(11)5-3-7/h2-5,11H,1H3,(H,9,10) checkY
  • Key:RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen, is a medication used to treat pain and fever.[15][16] It is typically used for mild to moderate pain relief.[15] Evidence is mixed for its use to relieve fever in children.[17][18] It is often sold in combination with other medications, such as in many cold medications.[15] Paracetamol is also used for severe pain, such as cancer pain and pain after surgery, in combination with opioid pain medication.[19] It is typically used either by mouth or rectally, but is also available by injection into a vein.[15][20] Effects last between two and four hours.[20]

Paracetamol is generally safe at recommended doses.[13][21] The recommended maximum daily dose for an adult is three to four grams.[22][23][21] Higher doses may lead to toxicity, including liver failure.[15] Serious skin rashes may rarely occur.[15] It appears to be safe during pregnancy and when breastfeeding.[15] In those with liver disease, it may still be used, but in lower doses.[24] It is classified as a mild analgesic.[20] It does not have significant anti-inflammatory activity.[25] How it works is not entirely clear.[25][26][27]

Paracetamol was first made in 1877.[28] It is the most commonly used medication for pain and fever in both the United States and Europe.[29] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[30] Paracetamol is available as a generic medication, with brand names including Tylenol and Panadol among others.[31] The wholesale price in the developing world is less than US$0.01 per dose.[32] In the United States, it costs about US$0.04 per dose.[33] In 2017, it was the 25th-most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 24 million prescriptions.[34][35]

References[edit]

  1. ^ International Drug Names
  2. ^ a b "Acetaminophen Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. 14 June 2019. Archived from the original on 9 March 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  3. ^ Working Group of the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists and Faculty of Pain Medicine (2015). Schug SA, Palmer GM, Scott DA, Halliwell R, Trinca J (eds.). Acute Pain Management: Scientific Evidence (4th ed.). Melbourne: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (ANZCA), Faculty of Pain Medicine (FPM). ISBN 978-0-9873236-7-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 July 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  4. ^ "Tylenol, Tylenol Infants' Drops (acetaminophen) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more". Medscape Reference. Archived from the original on 14 April 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  5. ^ "Acetaminophen Pathway (therapeutic doses), Pharmacokinetics". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
  6. ^ a b c Pickering G, Macian N, Libert F, Cardot JM, Coissard S, Perovitch P, Maury M, Dubray C (September 2014). "Buccal acetaminophen provides fast analgesia: two randomized clinical trials in healthy volunteers". Drug Des. Devel. Ther. 8: 1621–1627. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S63476. PMC 4189711. PMID 25302017. bAPAP has a faster time of antinociception onset (15 minutes, P<0.01) and greater antinociception at 50 minutes (P<0.01, CT1) and 30 minutes (P<0.01, CT2) than ivAPAP and sAPAP. All routes are similar after 50 minutes. ... In postoperative conditions for acute pain of mild to moderate intensity, the quickest reported time to onset of analgesia with APAP is 8 minutes9 for the iv route and 37 minutes6 for the oral route.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  7. ^ "Risk prediction of hepatotoxicity in paracetamol poisoning". Clin Toxicol (Phila). 55: 879–892. 2017. doi:10.1080/15563650.2017.1317349. PMID 28447858. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  8. ^ a b "Codapane Forte Paracetamol and codeine phosphate product information" (PDF). TGA eBusiness Services. Alphapharm Pty Limited. 29 April 2013. Archived from the original on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  9. ^ Karthikeyan M, Glen RC, Bender A (2005). "General Melting Point Prediction Based on a Diverse Compound Data Set and Artificial Neural Networks". Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling. 45 (3): 581–590. doi:10.1021/ci0500132. PMID 15921448.
  10. ^ "melting point data for paracetamol". Lxsrv7.oru.edu. Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
  11. ^ a b c d e Granberg RA, Rasmuson AC (1999). "Solubility of paracetamol in pure solvents". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 44 (6): 1391–95. doi:10.1021/je990124v.
  12. ^ "PARACETAMOL = ACETAMINOPHEN injectable - Essential drugs". medicalguidelines.msf.org. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  13. ^ a b Russell FM, Shann F, Curtis N, Mulholland K (2003). "Evidence on the use of paracetamol in febrile children". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 81 (5): 367–72. hdl:10665/268935. ISSN 0042-9686. PMC 2572451. PMID 12856055.
  14. ^ "WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index". www.whocc.no. Archived from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g "Acetaminophen". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 5 June 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
  16. ^ Lee, WM (December 2017). "Acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity-Isn't it time for APAP to go away?". Journal of Hepatology. 67 (6): 1324–1331. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2017.07.005. PMC 5696016. PMID 28734939.
  17. ^ Meremikwu M, Oyo-Ita A (2002). "Paracetamol for treating fever in children". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2): CD003676. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003676. PMC 6532671. PMID 12076499.
  18. ^ de Martino M, Chiarugi A (2015). "Recent Advances in Pediatric Use of Oral Paracetamol in Fever and Pain Management". Pain and Therapy. 4 (2): 149–168. doi:10.1007/s40122-015-0040-z. PMC 4676765. PMID 26518691.
  19. ^ Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) (2008). "6.1 and 7.1.1" (PDF). Guideline 106: Control of pain in adults with cancer. Scotland: National Health Service (NHS). ISBN 9781905813384. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2010.
  20. ^ a b c Hochhauser, Daniel (2014). Cancer and its Management. John Wiley & Sons. p. 119. ISBN 9781118468715. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
  21. ^ a b Machado GC, Maher CG, Ferreira PH, Pinheiro MB, Lin CW, Day RO, McLachlan AJ, Ferreira ML (31 March 2015). "Efficacy and safety of paracetamol for spinal pain and osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo controlled trials". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 350: h1225. doi:10.1136/bmj.h1225. PMC 4381278. PMID 25828856.
  22. ^ "Paracetamol for adults: painkiller to treat aches, pains and fever". National Health Service. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
  23. ^ "What are the recommended maximum daily dosages of acetaminophen in adults and children?". Medscape. Archived from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
  24. ^ Lewis JH, Stine JG (June 2013). "Review article: prescribing medications in patients with cirrhosis - a practical guide". Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 37 (12): 1132–56. doi:10.1111/apt.12324. PMID 23638982.
  25. ^ a b McKay, Gerard A.; Walters, Matthew R. (2013). "Non-Opioid Analgesics". Lecture Notes Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th ed.). Hoboken: Wiley. ISBN 9781118344897. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  26. ^ Ghanem CI, Pérez MJ, Manautou JE, Mottino AD (July 2016). "Acetaminophen from liver to brain: New insights into drug pharmacological action and toxicity". Pharmacological Research. 109: 119–31. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2016.02.020. PMC 4912877. PMID 26921661.
  27. ^ Viswanathan AN, Feskanich D, Schernhammer ES, Hankinson SE (2008). "Aspirin, NSAID, and Acetaminophen Use and the Risk of Endometrial Cancer". Cancer Research. 68 (7): 2507–2513. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6257. PMC 2857531. PMID 18381460.
  28. ^ Mangus, Brent C.; Miller, Michael G. (2005). Pharmacology application in athletic training. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: F.A. Davis. p. 39. ISBN 9780803620278. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  29. ^ Aghababian, Richard V. (22 October 2010). Essentials of emergency medicine. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 814. ISBN 978-1-4496-1846-9. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016.
  30. ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  31. ^ Hamilton, Richard J. (2013). Tarascon pocket pharmacopoeia : 2013 classic shirt-pocket edition (27th ed.). Burlington, Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 12. ISBN 9781449665869. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
  32. ^ "Paracetamol". Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  33. ^ "Acetaminophen prices, coupons and patient assistance programs". Archived from the original on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  34. ^ "The Top 300 of 2020". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  35. ^ "Acetaminophen Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
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