User:Mr. Ibrahem/Pericardial effusion
| Pericardial effusion | |
|---|---|
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| A 2D transthoracic echocardiogram of a massive pericardial effusion. The "swinging" heart | |
| Specialty | Cardiac surgery |
| Symptoms | Chest pain, shortness of breath, tiredness[1] |
| Complications | Cardiac tamponade[1] |
| Usual onset | Sudden, gradual[1] |
| Types | Transudate, exudate, bloody[1] |
| Diagnostic method | Ultrasound of the heart[1] |
| Differential diagnosis | Pericarditis, pulmonary edema, dilated cardiomyopathy, constrictive pericarditis, pulmonary embolism[1] |
| Treatment | Conservative management, pericardiocentesis[1] |
| Frequency | Relatively common[1] |
Pericardial effusion is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space around the heart.[1] Symptoms may include chest pain, shortness of breath, and tiredness.[1] Onset may be sudden or gradual.[1] Complications may include cardiac tamponade with low blood pressure, fast heart rate, jugular venous distension, and distant heart sounds.[1]
In the developed world the most common cause is viral pericarditis.[1] Other causes include infections, autoimmune disorders, cancer, trauma, following a heart attack, thoracic aortic dissection, kidney failure, low thyroid, and cirrhosis.[1] Diagnosis is confirmed by ultrasound of the heart.[1] Normal levels of pericardial fluid are from 15 to 50 ml.[1]
Treatment depends on the underlying cause, size of the effusion, and a person's symptoms.[1] Small effusions may be managed conservatively while large effusions may be treated with pericardiocentesis.[1] Pericardial effusions are relatively common.[1] They were first described around 200 AD by Galen.[2]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Willner, DA; Goyal, A; Grigorova, Y; Kiel, J (January 2020). "Pericardial Effusion". PMID 28613741.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Marx, John; Hockberger, Robert; Walls, Ron (2013). Rosen's Emergency Medicine - Concepts and Clinical Practice E-Book: 2-Volume Set. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1091. ISBN 978-1-4557-4987-4. Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2021-02-16.