User:Mr. Ibrahem/Phlebitis
| Phlebitis | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Venitis |
 | |
| Veins in the popliteal area | |
| Specialty | Emergency medicine |
| Symptoms | Pain, swelling, redness[1] |
| Complications | Deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism[2] |
| Usual onset | Older people[1] |
| Types | Infusion phlebitis, superficial thrombophlebitis[3] |
| Risk factors | Intravenous catheters, varicose veins, cancer, pregnancy, poor mobility[4][5] |
| Differential diagnosis | Cellulitis, hematoma, lymphangitis, tendonitis[2] |
| Treatment | Warmth, pain medication (NSAIDs), anticoagulants[4][3] |
| Frequency | Relatively common[5][2] |
Phlebitis is inflammation of a vein.[1] It generally results in pain, swelling, and redness of the area in question.[1] Hardness of the vein may also occur.[1] Complications may include deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism.[2]
It may occur in about 30% of people with intravenous catheters; though only 4% of cases are severe.[5] Risk factors include longer duration of catheter use and giving antibiotics through it.[5] Underlying mechanisms may include injury to the vein, chemical irritation, and bacterial infection.[1] Another cause is blood clotting, a condition known as superficial thrombophlebitis.[4] Risk factors include varicose veins, cancer, pregnancy, and poor mobility.[4] Usually the legs are involved.[4]
While evidence to support treatment is low, efforts may include the application of warmth and pain medication.[6][3] When do due a blood clot treatment may include elevating the lead, NSAIDs, and occasionally anticoagulants.[4][7] Older people are more commonly affected.[1] In cases due to intravenous catheters females are more commonly affected than males.[5]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g Macklin, D (February 2003). "Phlebitis". The American journal of nursing. 103 (2): 55–60. doi:10.1097/00000446-200302000-00027. PMID 12582339.
- ^ a b c d Czysz, A; Higbee, SL (January 2022). "Superficial Thrombophlebitis". PMID 32310477.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b c Dychter, SS; Gold, DA; Carson, D; Haller, M (March 2012). "Intravenous therapy: a review of complications and economic considerations of peripheral access". Journal of infusion nursing : the official publication of the Infusion Nurses Society. 35 (2): 84–91. doi:10.1097/NAN.0b013e31824237ce. PMID 22382792.
- ^ a b c d e f Beckman, Joshua A. (22 October 2002). "Diseases of the Veins". Circulation. 106 (17): 2170–2172. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000036740.75461.80. PMID 12390942.
- ^ a b c d e Lv, L; Zhang, J (May 2020). "The incidence and risk of infusion phlebitis with peripheral intravenous catheters: A meta-analysis". The journal of vascular access. 21 (3): 342–349. doi:10.1177/1129729819877323. PMID 31547791.
- ^ Di Nisio, M; Peinemann, F; Porreca, E; Rutjes, AW (20 November 2015). "Treatment for superficial infusion thrombophlebitis of the upper extremity" (PDF). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 11 (11): CD011015. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011015.pub2. PMC 6885032. PMID 26588711. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
- ^ Di Nisio, M; Wichers, IM; Middeldorp, S (25 February 2018). "Treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2: CD004982. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004982.pub6. PMID 29478266.