User:Mr. Ibrahem/Undescended testis
| Undescended testis | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Cryptorchidism |
 | |
| Cryptorchidism on scrotal ultrasound | |
| Specialty | Urology |
| Symptoms | Absence at least one testicle from the scrotum[1] |
| Complications | Testicular cancer, testicular torsion, inguinal hernias[2] |
| Causes | Often unclear[1] |
| Risk factors | Prematurity, smoking during pregnancy, family history, certain genetic mutations[3][1] |
| Diagnostic method | Examination, ultrasound[1] |
| Differential diagnosis | Retractile testicle[1] |
| Treatment | Observation, surgery[2] |
| Prognosis | Half of cases resolve by 3 months[3] |
| Frequency | 3% at birth, 1% at a year[1][3] |
Undescended testis, also known as cryptorchidism, is the absence at least one testicle from the scrotum.[1] The right testis is most commonly involved, though occasionally both are affected.[1][4] Often it can be felt in the inguinal canal.[1] The testis may be undescended at birth or re-ascend after birth.[3] Complications may include testicular cancer, testicular torsion, and inguinal hernias.[2] One undescended testis does not appear to reduce fertility, though two may.[2]
The cause is often unclear.[1] Risk factors may include prematurity, smoking during pregnancy, family history, and certain genetic mutations.[3][1] Diagnosis may be by examination or ultrasound.[1] It may be associated with other birth defects such as hypospadia.[3]
Surgery between the age of 6 to 18 months is recommended if the testicle does not descend on its own.[2] The type of surgery carried involves moving the testicle into the scrotum, known as orchiopexy.[2] Hormone therapy is generally not recommended.[1] Parents may require reassurance, to prevent psychological distress.[2]
About 3% of full-term and 30% of premature boys are born with at least one undescended testis.[1] It is the most common birth defect of the male genital tract.[1] About half will descend in the first three month three of life, with about 1% remaining undescended at a year.[3] Descriptions of the condition date back to the Old Testament.[5]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Leslie, SW; Sajjad, H; Villanueva, CA (January 2021). "Cryptorchidism". PMID 29261861.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b c d e f g Braga, LH; Lorenzo, AJ (January 2017). "Cryptorchidism: A practical review for all community healthcare providers". Canadian Urological Association journal = Journal de l'Association des urologues du Canada. 11 (1-2Suppl1): S26–S32. doi:10.5489/cuaj.4343. PMID 28265313.
{{cite journal}}: Missing pipe in:|journal=(help) - ^ a b c d e f g Gurney, JK; McGlynn, KA; Stanley, J; Merriman, T; Signal, V; Shaw, C; Edwards, R; Richiardi, L; Hutson, J; Sarfati, D (September 2017). "Risk factors for cryptorchidism". Nature reviews. Urology. 14 (9): 534–548. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2017.90. PMID 28654092.
- ^ Fleisher, Gary R.; Ludwig, Stephen (2010). Textbook of Pediatric Emergency Medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 293. ISBN 978-1-60547-159-4.
- ^ Santoni-Rugiu, Paolo; Sykes, Philip J. (2007). A History of Plastic Surgery. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 252. ISBN 978-3-540-46240-8.