User:Mr. Ibrahem/Vaginal bleeding
| Vaginal bleeding | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Uterine bleeding[1] |
 | |
| Location of vaginal bleeding may include the uterus, vaginal wall, or cervix | |
| Specialty | Gynecology, obstetrics |
| Types | Normal, abnormal[2] |
| Causes | Before puberty: Trauma, tumors, foreign objects[3] Early pregnancy: Implantation, miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, subchorionic bleeding Later pregnancy: Placenta previa, placenta accreta, placental abruption[3] After menopause: Atrophic vaginitis, thyroid problems, cancer of the female reproductive tract[3] |
Vaginal bleeding is any bleeding from the vagina. It is classified as either normal or abnormal.[2] Normal vaginal bleeding occurs in women of child bearing age every 24 to 38 days, with each episode lasting 4.5 to 8 days, and resulting in the loss of 5 mL to 80 mL of blood.[2][4] In women of child bearing age bleeding which is excessively heavy, occurs between periods, occurs more or less frequently, is prolonged in duration, or occurs after sex is abnormal.[2][1]
Bleeding before puberty, during pregnancy, and after menopause is generally abnormal.[3] Bleeding before puberty may occur due to trauma, tumors, or foreign objects.[3] Bleeding during early pregnancy may occur due to implantation, miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, or subchorionic bleeding; while bleeding during later pregnancy may occur due to placenta previa, placenta accreta, or placental abruption.[3] Bleeding after menopause may occur due to atrophic vaginitis, thyroid problems, or cancer of the female reproductive tract.[3]
Other causes of vaginal bleeding may include bleeding disorders or liver disease.[5] Bleeding from the urinary tract or rectum may be mistaken for vaginal bleeding.[6]
The work up of a person with vaginal bleeding depends on their age.[3] A pregnancy test is recommended in all women of childbearing age.[3] In those with significant bleeding, stabilization, vaginal packing, and blood transfusions may be required.[3] Otherwise treatment depends on the underlying cause.[3] Abnormal uterine bleeding affects about 20% of women of child bearing age.[2]
References[edit]
- ^ a b "Vaginal Bleeding". Archived from the original on 2018-11-08. Retrieved 2020-09-25.
- ^ a b c d e Wouk, N; Helton, M (1 April 2019). "Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Premenopausal Women". American family physician. 99 (7): 435–443. PMID 30932448.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Jeanmonod, R; Skelly, CL; Agresti, D (January 2020). "Vaginal Bleeding". PMID 29261898.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Vaginal Bleeding - Women's Health Issues". Merck Manuals Consumer Version. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
- ^ "Vaginal Bleeding - Gynecology and Obstetrics". Merck Manuals Professional Edition. Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
- ^ Munro, Malcolm G (2014). "Investigation of Women with Postmenopausal Uterine Bleeding: Clinical Practice Recommendations". The Permanente Journal. 18 (1): 55–70. doi:10.7812/TPP/13-072. ISSN 1552-5767. PMC 3951032. PMID 24377427.