User:Mr. Ibrahem/Vesicoureteral reflux
| Vesicoureteral reflux | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Vesicoureteric reflux |
 | |
| Ultrasound image showing abnormal vesicoureteral junction and dilated distal ureter resulting in primary vesicoureteral reflux. | |
| Specialty | Urology |
| Symptoms | None, urinary tract infections[1] |
| Complications | Kidney problems, bedwetting[1] |
| Types | Grade 1 to 5[1] |
| Causes | Abnormal urethral valve, bladder outlet obstruction, neurogenic bladder[1] |
| Risk factors | Family history[1] |
| Diagnostic method | Ultrasound, voiding cystourethrogram[1] |
| Treatment | Close follow-up, antibiotics, surgery[1][2] |
| Frequency | 1% of people[2] |
Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a condition in which urine flows backwards from the bladder to one or both ureters and sometimes to the kidneys.[1] While no symptoms may occur, it may result in urinary tract infections (UTI).[1] Complications may include kidney problems and it may be associated with bedwetting.[1]
Risk factors include a family history.[1] The underlying mechanism often involves the valve between the ureter and bladder not closing properly.[1] Other causes may include bladder outlet obstruction or a neurogenic bladder.[1] Diagnosis may involved an ultrasound or voiding cystourethrogram.[1]
As the condition may resolve as a child grows, close follow-up and rapid treatment of UTIs maybe recommended.[1][2] Long-term antibiotics may also be used to prevent infection.[2] Surgery or injections of bulking agents may be used in severe disease or for certain causes.[1][2]
VUR is estimated to affect about 1% of people.[2] It is more common in children who have a UTI and fever, affecting about a third of this group.[1] Young children are most commonly affected.[1] Girls are more commonly affected than boys.[1] The condition has been described since the 1st century.[3] Successful surgical repair was first carried out in 1952.[4]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) | NIDDK". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f Miyakita, Hideshi; Hayashi, Yutaro; Mitsui, Takahiko; Okawada, Manabu; Kinoshita, Yoshiaki; Kimata, Takahisa; Koikawa, Yasuhiro; Sakai, Kiyohide; Satoh, Hiroyuki; Tokunaga, Masatoshi; Naitoh, Yasuyuki (2020-04-01). "Guidelines for the medical management of pediatric vesicoureteral reflux". International Journal of Urology. doi:10.1111/iju.14223. ISSN 1442-2042. PMID 32239562.
- ^ Geavlete, Petrisor Aurelian (2016). Endoscopic Diagnosis and Treatment in Urinary Bladder Pathology: Handbook of Endourology. Academic Press. p. 307. ISBN 978-0-12-803862-8.
- ^ The Kelalis-King-Belman Textbook of Clinical Pediatric Urology. CRC Press. 2006. p. 673. ISBN 978-1-4665-9754-9.