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Eretz Israeli vocalization (Hebrew: ניקוד ארץ ישראל Niqqud Eretz Israel) is an extinct system of diacritics (niqqud) devised by the Masoretes of Jerusalem to add to the consonantal text of the Hebrew Bible to indicate vowel quality, reflecting the Hebrew of Jerusalem. having been supplanted by the Tiberian vocalization system.
History[edit]
the Tiberian system came under the latter's influence and became more similar to the Tiberian tradition of the school of Aaron ben Moses ben Asher.[1] All known examples of the Eretz Israeli vocalization come from the Cairo Geniza, discovered at the end of the 19th century, although scholars had already known of the existence of a "Eretz Israeli pointing" from the Vitry Machzor.[2][3] In particular, Jewish piyyutim generally make up the most ancient of the texts found, the earliest of which date to the 8th or 9th centuries and predate most of the known biblical fragments.[4]
Description[edit]
As in the Babylonian vocalization, only the most important vowels are indicated.[5] The Israeli vocalization along with the Babylonian vocalization are known as the superlinear vocalizations because they place the vowel graphemes above the consonant letters, rather than both above and below as in the Tiberian system.[6]
Different manuscripts show significant systematic variations in vocalization.[7] There is a general progression towards a more differentiated vowel system closer to that of Tiberian Hebrew over time.[4] The earliest manuscripts use just six graphemes, reflecting a pronunciation similar to contemporary Sephardi Hebrew:[8]
| niqqud with ב | 
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| Tiberian
analogue |
patah, | segol, | hiriq | holam | qubutz, | shva naʿ |
| value | /a/ | /e/ | /i/ | /o/ | /u/ | /ə/ |
The most commonly occurring Eretz Israeli system uses eight graphemes, reflecting later vowel differentiation in the direction of Tiberian Hebrew:[8]
| niqqud with ב |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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| Tiberian
analogue |
patah | qamatz | segol | tzere | hiriq | holam | qubutz, | shva naʿ |
| value | /a/ | /ɔ/ | /ɛ/ | /e/ | /i/ | /o/ | /u/ | /ə/ |
Even so, most Eretz Israeli manuscripts show interchanges between qamatz and patah, and between tzere and segol.[9] Shva is marked in multiple ways.[8]
Israeli-Tiberian vocalization[edit]
Some manuscripts are vocalized with the Tiberian graphemes used in a manner closer to the Eretz Israeli system.[10] The most widely accepted term for this vocalization system is the Israeli-Tiberian vocalization.[10] This system originated in the east, most likely in Israel.[10] It spread to central Europe by the middle of the 12th century in modified form, often used by Ashkenazi scribes due to its greater affinity with old Ashkenazi Hebrew than the Tiberian system.[11] For a period of time both were used in biblical and liturgical texts, but by the middle of the 14th century it had ceased being used in favor of the Tiberian vocalization.[11]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Sáenz-Badillos (1993:90)
- ^ Yahalom (1997:1)
- ^ Sáenz-Badillos (1993:86)
- ^ a b Sáenz-Badillos (1993:89)
- ^ Blau (2010:118)
- ^ Blau (2010:7)
- ^ Sáenz-Badillos (1993:88)
- ^ a b c Sáenz-Badillos (1993:88–89)
- ^ Tov (1992:44)
- ^ a b c Sáenz-Badillos (1993:92–93)
- ^ a b Sáenz-Badillos (1993:93–94)
Bibliography[edit]
- Joshua Blau (2010). Phonology and Morphology of Biblical Hebrew. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-129-0.
- Sáenz-Badillos, Angel (1993). A History of the Hebrew Language. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-55634-1.
- Tov, Emanuel (1992). Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress. ISBN 978-0-8006-3429-2.
- Yahalom, Joseph (1997). Eretz Israeli Vocalised Piyyut Manuscripts in the Cambridge Genizah Collections. Cambridge University. ISBN 0-521-58399-3.