User:Ythlev/sandbox/Townships and county-administered cities

Townships and county-administered cities, abbreviated as townships/cities, is a class of administrative divisions of counties in Taiwan under the Local Government Act.. In contrast to districts, the 198 townships/cities have local governments.

Terminology

Xīang township
Traditional Chinese	鄉
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Xīang

Zhèn township
Traditional Chinese	鎮
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zhèn

County-administered city
Traditional Chinese	縣轄市
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Xìanxía shì

There is little practical difference between townships and county-administered cities. The distinction is largely due to historical reasons and today serves the purpose of categorisation.

In Chinese, there are two types of townships: xīang (Chinese: 鄉) and zhèn (Chinese: 鎮), with little practical difference between the two. Townships/cities are further divided into villages. Villages of xīang townships are known as tsūn (Chinese: 村) while those of other types are known as lǐ (Chinese: 里).

History

See also: Political divisions of Taiwan (1895–1945) and Provincial city (Taiwan)

Zhudong, an township in Hsinchu County

Jiadong, a township in Pingtung County

Jianshi, a mountain indigenous township in Hsinchu County

The borders of modern townships/cities in Taiwan can be traced to the 1920s during Japanese rule. Cities were under the jurisdiction of prefectures. After the World War II, 9 out of 11 prefectural cities established by the Japanese government were reform into provincial cities. The reform was based on the Laws on the City Formation (市組織法) of the Republic of China.

With this reform, the populations of Hualien and Yilan were too low to became a provincial city, but are much more important than other townships. Thus the special administrative division type is created in Scheme on the Local Rules in Various Counties and Cities of Taiwan Province (臺灣省各縣市實施地方自治綱要). During this period, a county is divided into county-administered cities and county-administered townships. The level of a county-administered city was higher than a township.

After World War II, the townships were established from the following conversions on the Japanese administrative divisions:

Divisions before 1945				Divisions after 1945
Name	Kanji	Japanese Hepburn	Taiwanese Pe̍h-ōe-jī	Name	Chinese	Mandarin Pinyin	Taiwanese Pe̍h-ōe-jī
Town	街	gai	ke	Urban township	鎮	zhèn	tìn
Village	庄	jō	chng	Rural township	鄉	xiāng	hiong
Aboriginal areas	蕃地	banchi	hoan-tē	Mountain indigenous township	山地鄉	shāndì xiāng	soaⁿ-tē hiong

In 1951, a large scale administrative division reorganisation took place. The size of counties shrank. County-administered districts were abolished. This puts county-administered cities and townships into the same level in the hierarchy. Four provincial cities were also downgraded to county-administered cities after this reorganisation. Since the county-administered cities are based on the law for Taiwan Province, Kinmen County and Lienchiang County under Fukien do not have any cities under their jurisdiction.

The population criterion for converting to a city was originally 50,000 in the 1940s, but was raised to 100,000 in 1959, again in 1977 to 150,000, and in 2015 it was lower back to 100,000.

Establishment

Although local laws do not enforce strict standards for classifying townships, generally a zhèn township have a larger population and more business and industry than a xīang township, but not to the extent of a county-administered city. Penghu and Lienchiang are the only two counties that do not have zhèn townships.

In order to be converted to a city, a township needs to have a population above 100,000 and occupies major political, economical and cultural roles. Not all existing county-administered cities are qualified for the population test, as they pre-date this requirement. As of March 2017, the townships of Caotun, Zhudong, and Hemei have populations over 90,000, close to the conversion criterion.

Administration

Currently, there are 198 townships/cities. In contrast to districts, townships/cities have local governments comprising of an executive office with an popularly elected mayor and a representative council with elected representatives. Mayors and representatives have four-year terms and can be re-elected for a second term.

Matters for which township/city governments are responsible or partially responsible include social services, education, culture, sports, public health and safety, construction, transport, tourism, and business.

Townships/cities are further divided into villages.

See also

• List of townships, county-administered cities and districts of Taiwan
• Administrative divisions of Taiwan
• County (Taiwan)

References

Township Category:Populated places in Taiwan