User talk:Majdi001

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http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Syria-flag_1932-58_1961-63.svg&page=1 The flag of Syria (Arabic: علم سوريا‎) is a green, white and black with one red star. It is adopted from the flag in 1958 with the establishment of the United Arab Republic and abandoned in 1961 with dissolution of this state.to show Syria's commitment to the Arab unity. Each colour on the Syrian flag has significance. the colors represent Syria's past; white represents the Umayyads, black represents the Abbasids, and green represents the Rashidun caliphs of Islam. The star represent the upcoming major revolts against President al-Assad.

Syrian flags[edit]

Kingdom of Syria (1920)[edit]

See also: Arab Kingdom of Syria
Flag of the Arab Kingdom of Syria

The first native Syrian flag was that of the short-lived Kingdom of Syria. The Ottoman flag had been used in Syria until Ottomans left the country on 18 September 1918. In 1918, the official flag of Syria was the Faysal flag, the flag of the Arab revolt between 1916 and 1918. It was officially adopted by Hashemite family on 30 September 1918 and remained in use until 8 March 1920. The Faysal flag was then redesigned with the 7-pointed white star and was in use until 24 July 1920. This flag was, however, adopted by Jordan somewhat later.[1] The kingdom lasted for just over 4 months in 1920 before being occupied by France and de jure incorporated into the French colonial empire for some 12 years. Due first to French stalling with regard to signing an independence treaty, then to the chaotic political environment of WWII, Syria continued to be de facto occupied to varying degrees.[2] The last French troops left Syria in August 1946.[3]

French Mandate flags (1920—1932)[edit]

See also: French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon

The reason for the abandonment of the Faysal flag was the arrival of the French, as they made Syria their colony. French High Commissioner for Syria, General Henri Gouraud adopted the new flag of the French Mandate of Syria on 24 July 1920. Gouraud's flag was in use until 1 September 1920. Prime Minister of Syria under French Mandate, Jamil al-Ulshi adopted the new flag on 22 June 1920. This flag was in use until 1930. The third flag under the French Mandate was adopted by Prime Minister Taj al-Din al-Hasani in 1930 and was used until 1 January 1932.

Independence flag[edit]

French Mandate and independence (1932—1958, 1961—1963)[edit]

See also: Syrian Republic (1930–1958)
Syrian Republic under the French Mandate and at Independence

On May 14, 1930 the High Commissioner of the French Republic in the Levant, Henri Ponsot, issued decree number 3111 that would put the Constitution of the State of Syria, and in Article IV of Part I : "Syrian flag will be as follows: length double width, and is divided into three parallel and equal colors, the highest green, white then black, that the white section contains in a straight line three red five-pointed stars".[4] The flag was used when Syria gained its independence on 17 April 1946.[1] The official symbolism of the flag, according to an official 1932 decree, is that the colors represent Syria's past; white represents the Umayyads, black represents the Abbasids, and green represents the Rashidun caliphs of Islam. The three stars represent the three major revolts against French colonial rule.[5] It was officially hoisted in Damascus on 11 June 1932, but previously was flown in Aleppo on 1 January 1932.[6] The flag was used as a symbol for Syrians to rally around when France reneged on its agreement to leave the country, due to the outbreak of World War II.[7] It was used until the creation of the United Arab Republic, a state union of Syria and Egypt in 1958. After the union collapsed Syria used the UAR's flag until 28 September 1961, when it was replaced by the independence flag to disassociate Syria from the failed union of the UAR.[1]

Civil war (2011—present)[edit]

See also: Syrian civil war

During the ongoing civil war, the Syrian opposition represented by the Free Syrian Army,[8] the Syrian National Council[9] use the Independence flag first used in 1932. The independence flag began to be used by protesters in late 2011.[9] The opposition wanted to distinguish themselves from the current Syrian government and favoured the use of the flag used when Syria gained its independence from France. Khaled Kamal, the official from the Syrian National Council, now believes this flag to also represent the independence and the end of Bashar al-Assad's regime. The use of the independence flag parallels the Libyan rebels use of the pre-Gaddafi flag from the era of the Kingdom of Libya instead of Muammar Gaddafi's green flag.[10] The Syrian National Council initially used the red-white-black version of the flag and still doesn't have an official flag.[11]

Ba'athist flags[edit]

See also: Pan-Arab colors
Red cartouche
Flag of Syria between 1963 and 1972
Yellow cartouche
Flag of Syria in the Federation of Arab Republic between 1972 and 1980

The current flag of Syria was adopted by Gamal Abd al-Nasser, president of Egypt and president of the United Arab Republic. The flag was changed from the former independence flag in April 1958, along with associated laws designed to create a greater Arab identity such as the abolishment of Syrian independence day, traditionally held on 17 April.[12] After Syria left the UAR, President Nazim al-Kudsi continued to use this flag until 28 September 1961, when it was replaced by the independence flag to disassociate Syria from the failed union. The first flag of Syria to be adopted by its Revolutionary Command Council — after a Ba'athist counter coup[13] — was adopted on 8 March 1963 and was in use until 1 January 1972. This flag was not much different from the flag of the UAR; its only difference from it was three stars instead of two.[1] Those three stars represented the unity of three Arab countries, Egypt, Syria and Iraq as well as three pilars of Ba'athism: unity, freedom and socialism.[4] President Hafez al-Assad adopted the new flag on 1 January 1972, as Syria joined Egypt and Libya in the Federation of Arab Republics. The green stars were replaced by the eagle of Quarish (the symbol of Prophet Muhammad's tribe). The eagle held the ribbon with name of the Federation, but unlike Egypt and Libya, Syria didn't included its name on the coat of arms.[6] This flag was an official flag during the Yom Kippur War in 1973.[1] The Federation was dissolved in 1977, but Syria continued to use the flag for the next three years.[6] This flag was abrogated on 29 March 1980,[1] and replaced by the current flag.[4]

  1. ^ a b c d e f Cite error: The named reference Flag was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Thomas 2007, p. 276-278.
  3. ^ Heydemann 1999, p. 33.
  4. ^ a b c "العلم السوري" (in Arabic). Discover Syria. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
  5. ^ Moubayed, Sami (06 August 2012). "Capture The Flag". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 29 August 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ^ a b c Ipavec, Eugene; Martins, António; Heimer, Željko; Dotor, Santiago (10 June 2011). "Historical flags since 1932". Flags of the World. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
  7. ^ Lawson 2006.
  8. ^ "Kidnapped Iranians are Revolutionary Guards, FSA says in Al Arabiya video". Al Arabiya. 05 August 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ^ a b "Syria halts Homs siege as Arab monitors arrive". CBS News. 27 December 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
  10. ^ Daraghi, Borzou (30 December 2011). "Syrian rebels raise a flag from the past". Retrieved 7 August 2012.
  11. ^ Ipavec, Eugene (17 March 2012). "National Salvation Council (Syria)". Flagspot. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
  12. ^ Podeh 1999, p. 120.
  13. ^ King 2009, p. 41.
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