User talk:Mr Hall of England/Archive 95

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Saxe-Coburg and Gotha[edit]

Ducal House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha[edit]

House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry[edit]

Belgian House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha[edit]

Thailand[edit]

Sweden[edit]

Crown Prince[edit]

Södermanland
1814–1844
Crown Prince
1818–1844 		Scania
1826–1859
Crown Prince
1826–1859 		Värmland
1858–1907
Crown Prince
1872–1907 		Scania
1882–1950
Crown Prince
1907–1950 		Jämtland
1946–1973
Crown Prince
1950–1973 		Värmland
1979–present
Crown Prince
1979–1980

Dukedoms of Sweden[edit]

Dalarna
1831–1873
1916–1946
2017–present 		Gotland
1859–1888 		Halland
1912–1997 		Närke
1865–1947 		Östergötland
1829–1872
1911–1937 		Småland
1909–1932 		Södermanland
1852–1854
1884–1965
2016–present 		Uppland
1827–1852
1907–1934 		Västmanland
1889–1918 		Västerbotten
1906–1947 		Västergötland
1861–1951

Ceylon[edit]

Fiji[edit]

Gambia[edit]

Elizabeth II was Queen of the Gambia from 1965 to 1970, when the Gambia was a constitutional monarchy within the Commonwealth of Nations.[1][2] The Queen was also the monarch of the other Commonwealth realms, including the United Kingdom. Her constitutional roles in the Gambia were delegated to a Governor-General.

The Gambia was granted independence in 1965 under the Parliament of the United Kingdom's Gambia Independence Act 1964, which unified the Gambia Colony and Protectorate into an independent sovereign state.

After two referenda on constitutional amendments, the first unsuccessful because it did not pass by the necessary two-thirds majority and the second successful, the Gambia adopted a new constitution that abolished the monarchy on 24 April 1970.[2] The Gambia became a republic within the Commonwealth, with the President of Gambia as head of state.[1]

The Queen visited the Gambia on 3–5 December 1961.[3]

Ghana[edit]

From 1957 to 1960, Ghana was an independent constitutional monarchy with Elizabeth II as its queen. She was also the Queen of the other Commonwealth realms, including the United Kingdom, and her constitutional roles in Ghana were delegated to a Governor-General.[4]

The Ghana Independence Act 1957 transformed the British Crown Colony of the Gold Coast into the independent sovereign state of Ghana with the Queen as head of state on 6 March 1957.[4] Ghana adopted a new constitution in 1960 that replaced the Queen and Governor-General on 1 July 1960 with a President.[4] Ghana became a republic within the Commonwealth.

The Queen visited Ghana on 9–20 November 1961 and 7–9 November 1999.[5]

Guyana[edit]

Elizabeth II was Queen of Guyana from 1966 to 1970, when Guyana was independent sovereign state with a constitutional monarchy. She was also the Sovereign of the other Commonwealth realms, including the United Kingdom. Her constitutional roles were delegated to the Governor-General of Guyana.

The Crown colony of British Guiana became an independent country called Guyana on 26 March 1966.[6] Its new constitution provided for the country to become a republic after 45 months by a majority vote in the House of Assembly.[7] Exactly 45 months from independence, Guyana became a republic within the Commonwealth, with the President of Guyana as head of state.

The Queen visited the country twice: in 1966 shortly before independence (4–5 February) and in 1994 (19–22 February). Both trips were part of a Caribbean tour.[8]

India[edit]

Ireland[edit]

Kenya[edit]

Queen of Kenya was a title held by Elizabeth II as the head of state of Kenya from 1963 to 1964. Her full style in Kenya was Queen of Kenya and of Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth.[9] She was also the Sovereign of the other Commonwealth realms, including the United Kingdom. Her roles as Kenyan head of state were delegated to the Governor-General of Kenya.

The Kenya Independence Act 1963 transformed the Colony and Protectorate of Kenya into an independent sovereign state with Elizabeth II as its queen. Kenya adopted a new constitution in 1964 which abolished the monarchy and the office of governor-general, and Kenya became a republic within the Commonwealth, with the President of Kenya as head of state.

The Queen was in Kenya at Treetops Hotel on 6 February 1952, when she became Queen of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth on the death of her father, George VI. She had arrived in Nairobi on 1 February and had been staying at Sagana Lodge, near Mount Kenya. After the news of her accession, she returned immediately to the United Kingdom via Entebbe Airport.[10] After Kenya's independence, she stopped briefly in the country on 26 March 1972 and 7 October 1991.[11] She undertook a state visit to Kenya 10–14 November 1983, as the guest of President Daniel Arap Moi.[12]

Malawi[edit]

For two years from Malawi's independence in 1964, the country was a monarchy with Elizabeth II as its queen. She was also the Sovereign of the other Commonwealth realms, including the United Kingdom. The 1964 Constitution of Malawi vested executive power in the Queen, as head of state, though her constitutional roles were delegated to her representative, the Governor-General.[13]

Malawi was granted independence by the Parliament of the United Kingdom's Malawi Independence Act 1964, which transformed the Protectorate of Nyasaland into an independent sovereign state called Malawi.

The roles of the Queen and the Governor-General in Malawi were abolished on 6 July 1966, when Malawi became a republic within the Commonwealth, with the President of Malawi as head of state.

The Queen visited Malawi 22–25 July 1979.[14] The Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital in Blantyre was opened in 1958[15] and is the largest hospital in Malawi.[16]

Malta[edit]

Mauritius[edit]

Elizabeth II was Queen of Mauritius from 1968 to 1992. Mauritius was a constitutional monarchy with Elizabeth as head of state.[17] The Queen was also the monarch of the other Commonwealth realms, including the United Kingdom. Her constitutional roles in Mauritius were delegated to a Governor-General.

The Parliament of the United Kingdom's Mauritius Independence Act 1968 transformed the British Crown Colony of Mauritius into an independent sovereign state. Unusually, no member of the British royal family attended the independence ceremony on the island because of security concerns. Princess Alexandra was due to attend but after communal violence the British Minister of State for the Commonwealth, Lord Shepherd, advised that her visit be cancelled.[18]

The Queen and her husband Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, visited Mauritius for three days (24–26 March) in 1972, as part of a tour of Asia and Africa. They arrived in Port Louis on the royal yacht Britannia after visiting the Seychelles. They were met by a crowd of nearly a quarter of a million people, and rode through the city in an open-topped car. During the visit, the Queen opened the sixth session of the third Mauritius Parliament. The royal couple left Mauritius for Nairobi by air. It was the first ever visit to the island by a reigning monarch.[19]

Mauritius became a republic within the Commonwealth in 1992 with the President of Mauritius replacing the Queen as head of state. To date, Mauritius is the most recent Commonwealth realm to become a republic.

Nigeria[edit]

From 1960 to 1963, Elizabeth II was Queen of Nigeria: Nigeria was an independent constitutional monarchy. She was also the monarch of the other Commonwealth realms, including the United Kingdom.

Nigeria became independent on 1 October 1960 under the Parliament of the United Kingdom's Nigeria Independence Act. The Queen was head of state, though her constitutional roles in Nigeria were mostly delegated to the Governor-General of Nigeria.[20]

The retention of the monarchy was unpopular with Nigerians, and all political parties in Nigeria agreed that the country should be a republic.[20] Nigeria severed its link with the British monarchy, and adopted the President of Nigeria as head of state, on 1 October 1963.[20]

The Queen visited Nigeria twice: 28 January–16 February 1956 and 3–6 December 2003, the latter time to attend the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2003.[21]

Pakistan[edit]

Sierra Leone[edit]

Elizabeth II was Queen of Sierra Leone from 1961 to 1971, when Sierra Leone was an independent constitutional monarchy. The Queen was also monarch of the other Commonwealth realms, including the United Kingdom.

Sierra Leone became an independent realm by the Sierra Leone Independence Act 1961, which transformed the British Crown Colony of Sierra Leone into an independent member of the Commonwealth of Nations.[22] The Queen was the ceremonial head of state, represented by the Governor-General of Sierra Leone, who resided in State House, which flew the Union Jack.[23] Her formal title was Queen of Sierra Leone and of Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth.[24] The monarchy was abolished in 1971, when Sierra Leone became a republic within the Commonwealth with the President of Sierra Leone as head of state.

The Queen and her husband, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, visited Sierra Leone on the royal yacht Britannia[25] from 25 November to 1 December 1961.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). Tanganyika shared the Sovereign with the other Commonwealth realms, including the United Kingdom.

The monarchy was created by the Tanganyika Independence Act 1961 which transformed the United Nations trust territory of Tanganyika into an independent sovereign constitutional monarchy. The monarchy was abolished in 1962, when Tanganyika became a republic within the Commonwealth with the President of Tanganyika as head of state. The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs wrote:

On December 9, 1961, when Tanganyika became independent, it suddenly became a monarchy with the monarch as Queen of Tanganyika. But the British monarchy was regarded as a foreign institution and the new position increased the sense of alienation from the Crown. It is made clear, however, that the proposal to become a republic does not imply any disrespect towards the person of the Queen, whose position as Head of the Commonwealth is readily acknowledged ... The chief, as the leader of the tribe, still holds a position of great importance in most areas ... by and large the chiefs have retained the affection and loyalty of their people and since it is a monarchical system, it might be thought that the idea of monarchy was acceptable to the people and that in some areas it was strongly entrenched. There is, however, a difference between the monarchical idea of chieftainship and that of an alien monarch who is a European and who lives thousands of miles away and is never seen. The days have gone when the English sovereign can be expected to command the personal loyalty of African subjects in the same way as people of British origin.[26]

Tanganyika merged with Zanzibar in 1964 after the Zanzibar Revolution to form Tanzania. The Queen visited Tanzania on 19–22 July 1979, visiting Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Zanzibar, and Kilimanjaro.[27]

Trinidad and Tobago[edit]

Elizabeth II was Queen of Trinidad and Tobago from 1962 to 1976. She was also the monarch of the other Commonwealth realms, including the United Kingdom. The monarch's constitutional roles in Trinidad and Tobago were delegated to a Governor-General, who acted on the advice of Trinidadian ministers.[28]

Trinidad and Tobago became an independent monarchy on 31 August 1962.[29] In 1974, a constitutional reform commission led by Chief Justice of Trinidad and Tobago Hugh Wooding recommended that the country become a republic, in line with almost universal national opinion.[30] A new constitution was adopted on 1 August 1976, when Trinidad and Tobago became a republic within the Commonwealth with the President of Trinidad and Tobago as head of state.[29]

The Queen visited Trinidad and Tobago on 7–9 February 1966 and 1–3 November 1985 as part of Caribbean Commonwealth tours,[31] and 26–28 November 2009 to attend the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2009.[32]

Uganda[edit]

Queen of Uganda was a title used by Elizabeth II while Uganda was an independent constitutional monarchy between 9 October 1962 and 9 October 1963. She was also the Sovereign of the other Commonwealth realms, including the United Kingdom.

The Uganda Independence Act, passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom in 1962, transformed the British Uganda Protectorate into an independent sovereign state on 9 October 1962. The Queen was ceremonial head of state with her constitutional roles delegated to the Governor-General of Uganda.[33]

The Parliament of Uganda amended the constitution in 1963,[34] and on 9 October that year Uganda became a republic within the Commonwealth with a president as its head of state. The new Ugandan state was a republic, but the constituent sub-national kingdoms (Ankole, Buganda, Bunyoro, and Toro) continued in existence.

The Queen visited Uganda on 28–30 April 1954 and 21–24 November 2007, the latter time to attend the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2007.[35] The Kazinga National Park, in the west of Uganda, was renamed Queen Elizabeth National Park in 1954 to commemorate her visit.[36]

Reference[edit]

  1. ^ a b George S. Cuhaj, ed. (2015). "Gambia". 2016 Standard Catalog of World Coins 2001–Date (10th ed.). Krause. p. 538. ISBN 978-1-4402-4410-0.
  2. ^ a b Robert L. Maddex (2008). "The Gambia". Constitutions of the World (3rd ed.). CQ Press. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-87289-556-0.
  3. ^ "Commonwealth visits since 1952". Official website of the British monarchy. Royal Household. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  4. ^ a b c "After Independence". Judicial Service of Ghana. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  5. ^ "Commonwealth visits since 1952". Official website of the British monarchy. Royal Household. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  6. ^ Ralph Premdas (2014). "Guyana". The South America Handbook. Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 161. ISBN 1-57958-333-4. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ Philip Murphy (2013). Monarchy and the End of Empire: The House of Windsor, the British Government, and the Postwar Commonwealth. Oxford University Press. pp. 84–85. ISBN 978-0-19-921423-5.
  8. ^ "Commonwealth visits since 1952". Official website of the British monarchy. Royal Household. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
  9. ^ See for example, Kenya Gazette, 24 May 1964, p. 454
  10. ^ "Diary of events in the early life of The Queen". Official website of the British monarchy (Press release). Royal Household. 1 February 2002. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  11. ^ "Commonwealth visits since 1952". Official website of the British monarchy. Royal Household. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  12. ^ "Outward State visits since 1952". Official website of the British monarchy. Royal Household. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  13. ^ Simon Roberts (Autumn 1964). "The Constitution of Malawi, 1964". Journal of African Law. 8 (3): 178–184. doi:10.1017/S0021855300007282.
  14. ^ "Commonwealth visits since 1952". Official website of the British monarchy. Royal Household. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  15. ^ John McCracken (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859–1966. Boydell & Brewer. p. 261. ISBN 978-1-84701-050-6.
  16. ^ "The Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital in Blantyre, Malawi". The Europe - Africa Research Network for Evaluation of Second-line Therapy (EARNEST). Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  17. ^ "Mauritius country profile". BBC. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
  18. ^ Philip Murphy (2013). Monarchy and the End of Empire: The House of Windsor, the British Government, and the Postwar Commonwealth. Oxford University Press. pp. 84–85. ISBN 978-0-19-921423-5.
  19. ^ "Mauritius: Queen Elizabeth Arrives for a Three-Day Visit to Mauritius". ITN. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
  20. ^ a b c Chika B. Onwuekwe (2003). "Constitutional Development, 1914–1960: British Legacy or Local Exigency?". In Adebayo Oyebade (ed.). The Foundations of Nigeria: Essays in Honor of Toyin Falola. Africa World Press. pp. 172–173. ISBN 1-59221-120-8.
  21. ^ "Commonwealth visits since 1952". Official website of the British monarchy. Royal Household. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  22. ^ "Sierra Leone Independence Bill". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 230. Lords. 27 March 1961. col. 23–40.
  23. ^ Michael S. Kargbo (2006). British Foreign Policy and the Conflict in Sierra Leone, 1991–2001. Peter Lang. pp. 70–71. ISBN 0-8204-7506-8.
  24. ^ "Sierra Leone: Heads of State: 1961–1971". archontology.org. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  25. ^ "Queen causes a frenzy in Freetown: A royal visit to Sierra Leone creates colourful boating chaos". The Observer. 26 November 1961. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  26. ^ "The Republic of Tanganyika: A Break with the Colonial Past". The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs. 52 (208): 339–347. 1962. doi:10.1080/00358536208452388.
  27. ^ "Commonwealth visits since 1952". Official website of the British monarchy. Royal Household. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  28. ^ Trinidad and Tobago Constitution Reform Commission (27 December 2013). "National Consultation on Constitutional Reform: Report" (pdf). Ministry of Legal Affairs. p. 6. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
  29. ^ a b Ministry of Public Administration and Information. "Republic Day". National Library of Trinidad and Tobago. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
  30. ^ Derek O'Brien (2014). The Constitutional Systems of the Commonwealth Caribbean: A Contextual Analysis. Bloomsbury. 2. The Head of State. Part II: The Crown as Head of State. ISBN 978-1-84946-152-8.
  31. ^ "Commonwealth visits since 1952". Official website of the British monarchy. Royal Household. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
  32. ^ "Visit by The Queen and The Duke of Edinburgh to Bermuda, and Trinidad and Tobago". Official website of the British monarchy (Press release). Royal Household. 2009. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
  33. ^ H. F. Morris (June 1966). "The Uganda Constitution, April 1966". Journal of African Law. 10 (2): 112–117. doi:10.1017/S0021855300004575.
  34. ^ Constitution of Uganda (First Amendment) Act, Act No. 61 of 1963
  35. ^ "Commonwealth visits since 1952". Official website of the British monarchy. Royal Household. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  36. ^ "Queen Elizabeth National Park". Retrieved 18 February 2016.
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