Țara Litua

Țara Litua (Romanian: "The Litua Country") was a country from around Severin to the Olt River. The first mention of the country was in 1247, when Litovoi was its voivode. The country existed until 1330 when Basarab I founded Wallachia.

The voivodes of the country were:


 * Bezerenbam; fl. 1241; possible predecessor of Litovoi.
 * Litovoi; fl. 1247 - 1279; occupies the countries of John, Farcaș and Seneslau, killed by the Hungarians for being against them.
 * Bărbat; 1279 - 1290; the brother of Litovoi, vassal of Hungary.
 * Thocomerius; 1290 - 1310; son of Bărbat; thought by some historians (such as Neagu Djuvara) to be another name of Radu Negru.
 * Basarab I; 1310 - 1330; from 1330 voivode of Wallachia.

Creation
Bezerenbam is the earliest possible ruler of Țara Litua. He was mentioned by Rashid al-Din Hamadani in Jami' al-tawarikh (1241), described as the ruler of Ilaut (Oltenia) and defeated by the Mongols alongside Mișelav. Some historians (such as Alexandru D. Xenopol and Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu) consider the name to be a distorted form of "Basarab the Ban". Xenopol, in particular, believes that Bezerenbam was the same person as Litovoi. Constantin C. Giurescu believes that the name is a distorted form of the title of Ban of Severin (Latin: Terra Zeurino), instead. Other historians believe Bezerenbam to be a predecessor of Litovoi.

War with the Hungarians
Litovoi is the earliest recorded voivode of Țara Litua, as mentioned by the Diploma of the Joannites. It granted territories to the Knights Hospitaller in Severin and Cumania, “with the exception of the land of the kenazate of Voivode Litovoi,” which the king left to the Vlachs “as they had held it”. The diploma also refers to knezes Farcaș and John, and also a voivode called Seneslau. It seems that Litovoi was the most powerful of all the above rulers, as his territories were exempted from the grant to the knights. Although the name of Litovoi has a Slavic origin, he is expressly said to be a Vlach in the king's diploma. According to the Romanian historian Ioan-Aurel Pop, king Béla IV of Hungary (1235–1290) had grabbed Hațeg from Litovoi shortly before 1247.

In 1277, Litovoi was at war with the Hungarians over lands king Ladislaus IV of Hungary (1272–1290) claimed for the crown, but for which Litovoi refused to pay tribute. In 1279, Litovoi was killed in battle, as mentioned in the king’s letter of grant on 8 January 1285, in which king Ladislaus IV donated villages in Sáros County to Master George, son of Simon, who had been sent against Litovoi. Ioan-Aurel Pop argues that the Litovoi mentioned in the diploma of 1247 was not the same person as the Litovoi whose death is described in the letter of grant of 1285, and the latter was probably the former’s successor. The same letter of grant mentions that Litovoi's brother and successor, Bărbat was taken prisoner and sent to the royal court where he was forced not only to pay ransom but also to recognize Hungarian rule. After Bărbat accepted Hungarian suzerainty, he returned to his country.