Aérospatiale

Aérospatiale was a major French state-owned aerospace corporation that developed and manufactured both civilian and military aircraft as well as rockets, missiles and satellites. It was incorporated in 1970 as Société Nationale Industrielle Aérospatiale (National Aerospace Industrial Company) through the merger of three state-owned aerospace companies: Sud Aviation, Nord Aviation and SEREB. The company was headquartered in the 16th arrondissement of Paris.

During its history, Aérospatiale was involved with many high-profile aerospace programmes, including the Concorde supersonic airliner, the Ariane space launch vehicle, and the Airbus A300, the world's first twin-engined widebody airliner.

As a consequence of the peace dividend of following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, much of the European aerospace and defence industry began to consolidate, with Aérospatiale's break-up accelerated by the French government's efforts to privatize many state-owned companies.

In 1992, Aérospatiale and Germany's Daimler-Benz Aerospace (DASA) each spun off their helicopter businesses, which merged together to form the Eurocopter Group, later renamed Airbus Helicopters. In 1999, the Aérospatiale's satellite manufacturing division was acquired by Alcatel to form Alcatel Space, later renamed Thales Alenia Space. Aérospatiale's remaining assets were merged with the aerospace, defence and telecommunications division of the French conglomerate Matra to form Aérospatiale-Matra in July 2000. One year later, in 2001, Aérospatiale-Matra merged with DASA and Spain's Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA (CASA) to form the European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company (EADS), later renamed Airbus.

The majority of Aérospatiale's assets are now part of Airbus or its related joint ventures.

Formation
In 1970, Aérospatiale was created under the name Société Nationale Industrielle Aérospatiale as a result of the merger of several French state-owned companies - Sud Aviation, Nord Aviation and Société d'étude et de réalisation d'engins balistiques (SEREB). The newly formed entity was the largest aerospace company in France. From the onset, the French government owned a controlling stake in Aérospatiale; at one stage, a 97 per cent ownership of the company was held by the government.

In 1971, Aérospatiale was managed by the French industrialist Henri Ziegler; that same year, the firm's North American marketing and sales arm, which had previously operated under the trading name of the French Aerospace Corporation, was officially rebranded as the European Aerospace Corporation, which was intended to better reflect Aérospatiale's increasing focus on collaborative efforts with its European partners.

Major activities
Many of Aérospatiale's initial programmes were holdovers from its predecessors, particularly those of Sud Aviation. Perhaps the most high-profile of these programmes was Concorde, a joint French-British attempt to develop and market a supersonic commercial airliner. Initial work on this project had begun at Sud Aviation and the Bristol Aeroplane Company, its British counterpart. The engines for Concorde were also developed as a joint Anglo-French effort between SNECMA and Bristol Siddeley. However, the programme was highly politicised and encountered considerable cost overruns and delays. Ultimately, it was negatively affected equally by bad political decisions and an oil crisis in the 1970s; thus, only two airlines purchased Concorde.

Aérospatiale's senior management were keen to avoid the mistakes of the Concorde program. Their next major effort was would be an international consortium between British Aerospace and West German's aircraft company Messerschmitt-Bolkow-Blohm (MBB), called Airbus Industries.

This was established with the purpose of building a twin-engined widebody airliner, known as the A300. While at first, it was difficult to achieve sales and the outlook for the A300 seemed negative. However, Aérospatiale continued to manufacture the airliner without orders, as it could not reasonably cut back production as French law required that laid-off employees were to receive 90 per cent of their pay for a year as well as to retain their health benefits throughout.

Sales of the A300 picked up and the type eventually became a major commercial success, subsequently driving both the American Lockheed L-1011 and the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 from the market due to its cheaper operating model. On the back of this success, further airliners would be produced under the Airbus brand and the company would become a world leader in the field of large commercial aircraft during the 1990s.

Aérospatiale played a leading role in the development of the European space sector. During the 1960s, Sud Aviation had been involved in a multinational European programme to produce the Europa space launch vehicle, this being a three-stage rocket with the separate stages being manufactured in Britain, France, and Germany respectively. However, all of the flight tests conducted were failures; the programme's misfortune has been attributed to there being no central authority responsible for operations. This came as a result of the issue of workshare becoming highly politicized.

When Aérospatiale stepped in, during 1973, it was determined not to repeat the mistakes of Europa. The company proposed to build a new heavy launch vehicle, which would later be called the Ariane, to take the place of Europa. While other European nations were invited to participate, it would be French officials who would hold primary responsibility, and thus, make the most important decisions. This approach was agreed upon with several other nations; during 1979.

Ariane was an immediate success, allowing the French to gain a strong advantage over the United States, which had centred its efforts on the Space Shuttle. However, the Challenger disaster during 1986 showed that it was too complex for routine use as a satellite launch platform. Aérospatiale went on to develop more capable versions of the Ariane, which took much of the business of space launches away from the Americans during the 1990s.

Privatisation and mergers
In 1992, German defense company DaimlerBenz Aerospace AG (DASA) and Aérospatiale combined their respective helicopter divisions together to form the Eurocopter Group; ownership of this new entity was shared between the two parent companies.

During the late 1990s, French Prime Minister Lionel Jospin's Plural Left government initiated a policy towards the privatization of Aérospatiale. In 1999, the majority of Aérospatiale, except for the satellites activities, merged with French conglomerate Matra's defense wing, Matra Haute Technologie, to form Aérospatiale-Matra.

On 10 July 2000, Aérospatiale-Matra merged with DASA and Spanish aviation company Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA and to form the multinational European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company (EADS). EADS would later rebrand itself as Airbus, taking the name of its commercial aircraft division, its primary business.

During 2001, Aérospatiale-Matra's missile division underwent a further merger with Anglo-French outfit Matra BAe Dynamics and the missile division of Alenia Marconi Systems to form the multinational MBDA entity.

Fixed-wing aircraft

 * CM.170 Magister
 * CM.175 Zephyr
 * Concorde (with British Aircraft Corporation)
 * N.262
 * N.500
 * SE 210 Caravelle
 * SN 601 Corvette
 * TB 30 Epsilon
 * Ludion

Helicopters

 * AS 332 Super Puma
 * AS 350b3 Ecureuil/AStar/H125
 * AS 355 Ecureuil 2/TwinStar
 * AS 532 Cougar
 * AS 550 Fennec
 * AS 565 Panther
 * SA 313/SA 318 Alouette II
 * SA 315B Lama
 * SA 316/SA 319 Alouette III
 * SA 321 Super Frelon
 * SA 330 Puma
 * SA 341/SA 342 Gazelle
 * SA 360 Dauphin
 * SA 365/AS365 Dauphin 2
 * HH-65 Dolphin

Unmanned aerial vehicles

 * C.22

Missiles

 * AS 15 TT
 * AS-20
 * AS-30
 * M1 (missile)
 * M20 (missile)
 * M45 (missile)
 * S1 (missile)
 * S2 (missile)
 * S3 (missile)
 * SS.11
 * SS.12/AS.12
 * Air-Sol Moyenne Portée
 * ENTAC
 * Exocet
 * Hadès (missile)
 * HOT (missile)
 * MILAN
 * Pluton (missile)
 * Roland (missile)

Space-related products



 * AMC-5 (satellite)
 * Arabsat (satellite)
 * Arabsat-1A
 * Arabsat-1B
 * Ariane rocket
 * Ariane 1
 * Ariane 2
 * Ariane 3
 * Ariane 4
 * Ariane 5
 * Astra 5A (satellite)
 * Atmospheric Reentry Demonstrator
 * Diamant (rocket)
 * Hermes spaceplane (not built)
 * Huygens (spacecraft)
 * Infrared Space Observatory
 * INSAT-1C (satellite)
 * INSAT-2DT (satellite)
 * Meteosat (satellite)
 * Nahuel 1A (satellite)
 * Proteus (satellite)
 * Spacebus (satellite)
 * Symphonie (satellite) (satellite)
 * Tele-X (satellite)
 * Turksat (satellite)
 * Turksat 1A
 * Turksat 1B
 * Turksat 1C
 * Topaze (sounding rocket)
 * TV-SAT 1 (satellite)

List of CEOs

 * 1970-1973 : Henri Ziegler
 * 1973-1975 : Charles Cristofini
 * 1975-1983 : général Jacques Mitterrand, the brother of François Mitterrand
 * Henri Martre (1983 - 1992)
 * Louis Gallois (1992 - 1996)