A Ghost Story for Christmas

A Ghost Story for Christmas is a British supernatural anthology television series created by Lawrence Gordon Clark. Episodes take the form of short television films which air around Christmas, initially running annually on BBC1 from 1971–1978, with revivals airing sporadically between 2005–2013 and regularly since 2018.

The majority of episodes are based on ghost stories by M. R. James, with one episode each based on stories by Charles Dickens and Arthur Conan Doyle, and three being original. Clarke directed all but the final instalment of the original run, and every instalment since 2013 has been written and directed by Mark Gatiss. Though the title A Ghost Story for Christmas has been used in the Radio Times since its debut, it didn't appear on-screen until The Signalman (1976), the first episode that wasn't a James adaptation.

The series was inspired by the success of Whistle and I'll Come to You (1968), based on an M. R. James story and directed by Jonathan Miller for the BBC One documentary strand Omnibus. As James originally wrote his stories to be read aloud as Christmas entertainment, in line with the oral tradition of telling supernatural tales at Christmas, A Ghost Story for Christmas was intended to be a part of this tradition. The original run was shot entirely on location on 16mm film, which was unusual for television drama at the time and gave the episodes a cinematic quality.

The series as a whole is highly regarded, with several instalments considered among the greatest horror television ever made. The original run is considered a key part of the folk horror genre of the era, and has had a major influence on its 21st Century revival, making James, according to critic Jon Dear, “the go-to folk horror writer for television.”

Background
The first five films are adaptations of stories from the four books by M. R. James, published between 1904 and 1925. The ghost stories of James, an English mediaeval scholar and Provost of Eton College and King's College, Cambridge, were originally narrated as Christmas entertainments to friends and selected students.

The sixth film, The Signalman, is an adaptation of a story by Charles Dickens published in his magazine All the Year Round in 1866. In its original context, it was one of eight stories set around the fictional Mugby Junction and its branch lines. It was inspired by the Staplehurst rail crash of June 1865, which Dickens himself survived, having attended to dying fellow passengers. He subsequently suffered panic disorders and flashbacks as a result.

The final two stories were based on original screenplays, one by Clive Exton, who was an experienced television screenwriter, and the other by John Bowen, who was primarily known as a novelist and playwright, but also had extensive television experience, including adapting The Treasure of Abbot Thomas earlier in the series.

Filming
Lawrence Gordon Clark had made his name as a BBC documentary director during the 1960s. The Stalls of Barchester was the first dramatic production he directed. Clark recalled in an interview for the BFI's DVD release in 2012 that "the BBC at that time gave you the space to fail, and generously so too. They backed you up with marvellous technicians, art departments, film departments, and so forth."

I was itching to move into drama and knew I had exactly the source material I wanted. I'd discovered M.R. James at boarding school and loved him. So I met with Paul Fox, who was at the time Controller of BBC1. I brought a copy of M.R. James's Ghost Stories with me, with a bookmark stuck in "The Stalls of Barchester Cathedral". The fact that period drama always has been very popular at the BBC probably helped. Clark recalls that "Paul Fox gave us a tiny budget ... and we set out to do a full-blooded drama on location. Budgets were really tiny, and we shot for ten days and brought the film in for about 8,000 pounds." Unusually for a BBC television drama of the 1970s, each instalment was filmed entirely on location using 16 mm film. As a result, the cameraman John McGlashan, who filmed the first five adaptations, was able to make use of night shoots and dark, shadowy interiors, which would not have been possible with the then-standard video-based studio interiors. Clark notes that McGlashan, and the sound recordist Dick Manton's contribution to the series "was every bit as great as mine,

In an interview in 1995, Lawrence Gordon Clark stated that the stories "focus on suggestion. The aim, they say, is to chill rather than shock. Partly because television is not best suited to carrying off big-screen pyrotechnics, but mainly because they want to keep faith with the notion of a ghost story in its literary rather than cinematic tradition." Helen Wheatley notes that the best adaptations maintain the stories' "sense of decorum and restraint, ... withholding the full revelation of the supernatural until the very last moment, and centring on the suggestion of a ghostly presence rather than the horror of visceral excess and abjection." Clark noted in a 2014 interview that he tried to make the second adaptation, A Warning to the Curious as "essentially, a silent film, with the tension building slowly throughout the visual images". After the success of the first two low-budget adaptations which had been largely independently produced by Clark, the stories came under the wing of the BBC's Drama Department, with a new producer, Rosemary Hill, and an increased budget.

Adaptation
The adaptations, although remaining true to the spirit of M.R. James, make alterations to suit the small screen - for example, A Warning to the Curious avoids the convoluted plot structure of M. R. James's original, opting for a more linear construction and reducing the number of narrators. In addition, the central character, Paxton, is changed from a young, fair-haired innocent who stumbles across the treasure to a middle-aged character driven by poverty to seek the treasure and acting in full awareness of what he is doing. After the first two adaptations, both by Clark, the tales were adapted by a number of playwrights and screenwriters. For The Treasure of Abbot Thomas, Clark recalls John Bowen's script "took some liberties with the story—which made it for the better I think...It's really quite a funny story until it gets nasty, although the threat is always there. James has a mordant sense of humour, and it's good to translate that into cinematic terms when you can. I'd always wanted to do a medium scene, and John came up with a beauty."

Clark is less complimentary of the adaptation of The Ash Tree, which he felt didn't make Mistress Mothersole an effective villain, as a result of both his and adaptor David Rudkin's sympathy for witch trial victims; "We know so much about the hysteria of the witch trials and the ignorance and downright evil that fueled them that it was well-nigh impossible to portray her as James intended. Although, even he makes her a complicated character, hinting that she was popular with local farmers and the pagan fertility aspects that this implies. Frankly, I don't think the script quite did justice to the story, and maybe someone else should have a go at it."

In his screenplay for The Signalman Andrew Davies adds scenes of the traveller's nightmare-plagued nights at an inn, and reinforces the ambiguity of the traveller-narrator by restructuring the ending and matching his facial features with those of the spectre. The film also makes use of visual and aural devices. For example, the appearance of the spectre is stressed by the vibrations of a bell in the signalbox and a recurring red motif connects the signalman's memories of a train crash with the danger light attended by a ghostly figure.

Clark's final Ghost Story for Christmas, Stigma, was an original story by Clive Exton filmed around the stone circles at Avebury, Wiltshire. He had wanted to film James' "Count Magnus", the teleplay of which had been written by Basil Copper, but was unable to obtain the budget. Although he felt the substitute film was "effective", Clark had by this time left the BBC to go freelance, joining Yorkshire Television, where he and Exton made another James adaptation Casting the Runes in 1979.

Locations
The filming of the adaptations took place at a variety of locations. Clark notes that James gave him "a wonderful excuse to discover...places where you could best impart tension and atmosphere." East Anglia, where M. R. James set many of his stories, was the location for the two first films. The Stalls of Barchester was filmed at Norwich Cathedral and in the surrounding close. For A Warning to the Curious, "Seaburgh" (a disguised version of Aldeburgh, Suffolk) was filmed on the coast of North Norfolk at Waxham, Holkham Gap, Happisburgh, Wells-next-the-Sea and on the North Norfolk Railway. Clark recalls filming in North Norfolk in late February, with consistently fine cold weather "with a slight winter haze which gave exactly the right depth and sense of mystery to the limitless vistas of the shoreline there."

Later locations include Ormsby Hall and the Pelham Mausoleum at Brocklesby, Lincolnshire for Lost Hearts, Wells Cathedral, the Orchardleigh Estate, Frome and its 13th century church for The Treasure of Abbot Thomas, Prideaux Place near Padstow for The Ash-Tree and the Severn Valley Railway near Kidderminster for The Signalman. For The Signalman, a replica Great Western Railway signal box was erected in the cutting on the Kidderminster side of Bewdley Tunnel, and Highley signal box was used for the interior shots.

Music
Adam Scovell, analysing the aural aesthetics of the BBC Ghost Stories, notes that although Clark talks about "stock music", the early adaptations make use of what were then new, avant-garde classical works found in the BBC's gramophone library at Egton House - A Warning to the Curious uses György Ligeti's Atmosphères (1961) and Cello Concerto (1966) to signify the appearance of the ghost of William Ager, and the high, meandering flute part of another contemporary work, Bruno Maderna's Hyperion III (1966), is used in both this film and Lost Hearts.

Lost Hearts also makes use of Ralph Vaughan Williams's English Folk Song Suite and the hurdy-gurdy music of the ghostly Italian boy, who plays the tune L'amour De Moi. The Treasure of Abbot Thomas was the only entry in the series to have its own original score. Geoffrey Burgon's score consists of an organ, two countertenors and various unconventional percussion instruments; according to Clark, a "mixture of evensong and bicycle chains".

Scheduling
Though retrospective promotional material, including those included with the DVD and Blu-ray releases, refer to the series as being broadcast late on Christmas Eve, this was only the case for the first two instalments of the original run, with the rest varying their airdate within the Christmas period. Lost Hearts and The Ice House aired on Christmas Day, The Treasure of Abbot Thomas and The Ash Tree aired on 23 December, The Signalman aired on 22 December, and Stigma aired on 29 December, pushed back from its original airdate of 28 December, making it the latest to air in the series history.

The revival has been more consistent in airing on Christmas Eve, though also moved away from airing on BBC One as the original run did. A View from a Hill and Number 13 aired on 23 December and 22 December respectively on BBC Four. Since then, The Tractate Middoth (Christmas Day) and Count Magnus (23 December) are the only ones which haven't aired on Christmas Eve. Whistle and I'll Come to You (2010) and The Tractate Middoth (2013) aired on BBC Two, then the series moved back to BBC Four for The Dead Room (2018) and Martin's Close (2019). Since The Mezzotint (2021) the series has returned to BBC Two.

Original run (1971–1978)
With the exception of the final film, the tales were directed by Lawrence Gordon Clark. The final episode was directed by Derek Lister.

Revival (2005–present)
BBC Four revisited the series at Christmas 2004, and in 2005 began to produce new adaptations of stories by M. R. James, broadcast along with repeats of episodes from the original series. BBC Two premiered a new adaptation by Neil Cross of M. R. James's 'Oh, Whistle, and I'll Come to You, My Lad' on Christmas Eve 2010.

Mark Gatiss's adaptation of "The Tractate Middoth", another story by M. R. James, was broadcast on BBC Two on Christmas Day 2013. This was followed by a documentary, M. R. James: Ghost Writer.

An original tale written and directed by Mark Gatiss entitled The Dead Room was broadcast on BBC Four on Christmas Eve 2018. Gatiss adapted and directed another James adaptation, "Martin's Close", in 2019 for BBC Four. This was followed by his third M.R. James adaptation, "The Mezzotint", for BBC Two in 2021, and his fourth, "Count Magnus", in 2022.

Critical reception
The critical reception of the films has been varied, but several are regarded as classic television ghost stories. Dick Fiddy of the British Film Institute notes that the late hour of their broadcasts, and the contrast with the rest of the bright lights of the television schedules during the Christmas period meant that the adaptations made such an impact; "They went out late at night, when television wasn't a 24-hour experience, probably watched by the dying embers of the fire before the viewer turned in for the night; the nightmarish quality of the stories would linger as they went to bed. Such conditions can magnify the power of the pieces, adding to their creepiness and helping the tales imbed themselves within impressionable minds." Sarah Dempster, writing in The Guardian in 2005, noted that "Perhaps the most surprising aspect ... is how little its adaptations ... have dated. They may boast the odd signifier of cheap 1970s telly – outlandish regional vowels, inappropriate eyeliner, a surfeit of depressed oboes – but lurking within their hushed cloisters and glum expanses of deserted coastline is a timelessness at odds with virtually everything written, or broadcast, before or since."

The production values have received particular praise. Helen Wheatley writes that "the series was shot on film on location, with much attention paid to the minutiae of period detail; ... it might be seen to visually prefigure the filmic stylishness and traditions of later literary adaptations such as Brideshead Revisited and The Jewel in the Crown." However, she notes that, unlike those adaptations, the sinister tone of the period pieces could lend itself the label of a "feel bad" heritage television drama.

The Signalman is perhaps the most critically acclaimed. Simon Farquhar suggests that the film is the first evidence of Andrew Davies's gift as an adaptor of literary fiction: "despite an extremely arduous shoot, Davies and Clarke's fog-wreathed, flame-crackling masterpiece manages something the production team could never have imagined: it's better than the book." Dave Rolinson notes that, while "the adaptation inevitably misses Dickens's nuanced and often unsettling prose, ... it achieves comparably skilful effects through visual language and sound, heightening theme and supernatural mood. ... The production heightens the story's crucial features of repetition and foreshadowing."

Sergio Angelini writes about A Warning to the Curious: "Of Clark's many adaptations of James's stories, this is perhaps the most varied in its use of landscape and the most visually arresting in its attempt to create an otherworldly atmosphere. ... Using long lenses to flatten the scenery and make the ghost indistinct in the background, John McGlashan's fine cinematography brilliantly conveys the ageless, ritualistic determinism of Ager's pursuit and signposts the inevitability of Paxton's demise." Angelini is less appreciative of The Ash Tree, noting that the literal adaptation of the story's ending loses the atmosphere of earlier instalments: "While the creatures are certainly grotesque and threatening, compared with some of the other adaptations of the series, The Ash Tree does lose some power through this lack of ambiguity. The result overall remains satisfyingly unsettling, however, thanks also to Petherbridge's restrained, psychologically acute performance."

The adaptations have had an influence on the work of the writer Mark Gatiss. Interviewed in 2008, Gatiss said that Lost Hearts is his favourite adaptation because it is the one that frightened him as a child and that "I absolutely love The Treasure of Abbot Thomas. The moment when Michael Bryant has found the treasure and ... is obviously losing his wits. He just says, rationally, 'It is a thing of slime, I think. Darkness and slime ...' There's also the fantastic scene where he thinks he's got away with it by putting the treasure back. The doctor is heading up the drive and he can't quite see him in the sunlight. Then it pauses to that amazing crane shot. ... Very spooky."

The reception of the two later instalments, Stigma and The Ice House, was decidedly critical. Most reviewers concluded that switching to original stories instead of adaptations was "misjudged". David Kerekes writes that The Ice House is almost "totally forgotten". Wheatley has commented that they heralded a divergence from the stage-inspired horror of the 1940s and 1950s to a more modern Gothic horror based in the present day, losing in the process the "aesthetic of restraint" evident in the original adaptations.

The BBC Four revival beginning in 2005 with A View from a Hill was greeted warmly by Sarah Dempster of The Guardian, who stated that the programme was, "in every respect, a vintage Ghost Story for Christmas production. There are the powdery academics hamstrung by extreme social awkwardness. There is the bumbling protagonist bemused by a particular aspect of modern life. There are stunning, panoramic shots of a specific area of the British landscape (here, a heavily autumnal Suffolk [sic]). There is the determined lack of celebrity pizzazz. There is tweed. And there is, crucially, a single moment of heart-stopping, corner-of-the-eye horror that suggests life, for one powdery academic at least, will never be the same again."

Related works
Before Clark's films came under the remit of the BBC Drama Department it commissioned a Christmas play from Nigel Kneale, an original ghost story called The Stone Tape, broadcast on Christmas Day 1972. With its modern setting, this is not generally included under the heading of A Ghost Story for Christmas and was originally intended as an episode of the anthology Dead of Night.

Clark directed another story by M. R. James, Casting The Runes for the series ITV Playhouse, produced by Yorkshire Television and first broadcast on ITV on 24 April 1979. Adapted by Clive Exton, it reimagined the events of James's story taking place in a contemporary television studio.

For Christmas 1979 the BBC produced a 70-minute-long adaptation of Sheridan Le Fanu's gothic tale Schalcken the Painter, directed and adapted by Leslie Megahey. Like the earlier Whistle and I'll Come to You, the production was listed as part of the long-running BBC arts series Omnibus.

Repeats of the original series on BBC Four at Christmas 2007 included The Haunted Airman, a new adaptation of Dennis Wheatley's novel The Haunting of Toby Jugg by Chris Durlacher, although this film was originally screened on 31 October 2006.

For Christmas 2008 an original three-part ghost story by Mark Gatiss, Crooked House, was produced instead, though Gatiss has cited the original adaptations as a key influence.

The Turn of the Screw (1898), a novella by Henry James (no relation to M. R. James), was adapted as a feature-length drama by Sandy Welch and broadcast on BBC One on 30 December 2009.

Home media
The first home video releases were of A Warning to the Curious and The Signalman alongside Miller's Oh Whistle and I'll Come to You by the BFI, released in the UK on VHS in 2002 and DVD in 2003. In 2011 Shock Factory released the box set The Complete Ghost Stories of M. R. James in Australia. This included all James adaptations produced for A Ghost Story for Christmas from 1971-2010, alongside Miller's Whistle and I'll Come to You and three episodes of Ghost Stories for Christmas with Christopher Lee (2000) in which the actor read James' stories. This excluded The Signalman, Stigma, and The Ice House. The Signalman was included as an extra on the Region 1 American DVD release of the 1995 BBC production of Hard Times. For Christmas 2011, the BFI featured the complete 1970s films in their Mediatheque centres.

In 2012, to mark the 150th anniversary of James' birth, the BFI released the complete series from 1971-2010, Miller's Whistle and I'll Come to You, and the related episodes of Ghost Stories for Christmas with Christopher Lee on DVD in five separate volumes and the box set Ghost Stories for Christmas - The Definitive Collection. These included filmed introductions from Lawrence Gordon Clark for his films and a booklet which featured essays on the individual films. The following year, the box set was rereleased with a new cover and the addition of a disc featuring Robert Powell and Michael Bryant narrating M. R. James stories in the series Classic Ghost Stories (1986) and Spine Chillers (1980) respectively.

In 2022 and 2023 the 1971-1978 run and Miller's Whistle and I'll Come to You were remastered in 2k resolution by the BFI from the original film negatives and released on Blu-ray as two volumes, which also included the relevant episodes of Ghost Stories for Christmas with Christopher Lee, the Lawrence Gordon Clark introductions, and the booklet essays from the 2012 box set, alongside newly-recorded commentaries on the 1968-1978 films. The first featured the first three A Ghost Story for Christmas instalments from 1971-1973, plus both versions of Whistle and I'll Come to You, whilst the second featured the remaining seven A Ghost Story for Christmas instalments from 1974-2006.

Also in 2022, 2 Entertain released the four A Ghost Story for Christmas instalments from 2013-2021 on a single DVD titled Ghost Stories.