Axiom Orbital Segment

Axiom Orbital Segment or Axiom Segment (or AxS) are the planned modular components of the International Space Station (ISS) designed by Houston, Texas-based Axiom Space for commercial space activities. Axiom Space gained initial NASA approval for the venture in January 2020. Axiom Space was later awarded the contract by NASA on February 28, 2020. This orbital station will be separated from the ISS to become a modular space station, Axiom Station, after the ISS is decommissioned.

Axiom Segment
At least four Axiom modules are planned to attach to the International Space Station. The first module is scheduled to be launched in late 2026 and is to attach to the forward port of the ISS module Harmony, requiring relocation of the Pressurized Mating Adapter (PMA-2) to any other ports on ISS, such as Harmony nadir. Axiom Space plans to attach at least three additional modules to its first core module, and send private astronauts to inhabit the modules.

Axiom renderings illustrate how the four modules might attach to the ISS as they are berthed and relocated by the Mobile Servicing System using the robotic arm Canadarm2.

Axiom Station
The company released preliminary plans in February 2020 for how the Axiom Orbital Segment could form the basis for the Axiom Station, a potential future space station, constructed out of the Axiom Segment and additional elements upon ISS retirement and separation, including a power and thermal module with an airlock. The company plans to launch its first module to the ISS in 2026, with the second, third and fourth launching in consecutive years afterward.

The interior concept of the crew quarters of Axiom Orbital Segment was conceived in 2018 by French architect and designer Philippe Starck. Renderings of the habitat show a chamber with walls that are covered with tufted padding and studded with hundreds of color-changing LEDs. The Axiom Orbital Segment is intended to have amenities including high-speed Wi-Fi, video screens, picture windows and a glass-walled cupola – which Axiom calls "the largest window observatory ever constructed for the space environment".

Each Axiom Station module is an independent spacecraft equipped with all the systems needed to maneuver in orbit – including propulsion.

AxH1
Axiom's first module, Hab One, is expected to launch in late 2026. It will provide quarters for four crew members and volume to accommodate research and manufacturing applications. Each personal crew quarter is equipped with a large Earth-viewing window and touch-screen communications panel. A docking adapter allows visiting vehicles to dock to the Axiom Station; four radial ports on the Hub provide for the addition of future modules and increase the station's docking capability. It will have propulsion, guidance, navigation and station control systems. The first windowed pressurized module is approximately 11 meters long and 4.2 meters in diameter at the widest part. Thales Alenia Space reported significant progress on the fabrication of the module in early 2024.

AxSEE-1
Axiom Space plans to manufacture the SEE-1 module for the British company Space Entertainment Enterprise (or S.E.E.). It is planned to be a six meter spherical inflatable module and to fulfill the purpose of a first entertainment studio in space. SEE-1 is expected to launch after AxH1 arrives at the ISS.

The directors of SEE, Dmitry Lesnevsky and Elena Lesnevsky, have additionally been pursuing film shootings for a future movie with Tom Cruise at the station.

AxH2
Axiom's Hab Two module is expected to launch no earlier than 2027. It will provide quarters for an additional four crew members allowing the station to support up to eight crew. It provides complete ECLSS support, commercial high data satellite communications and a Canadarm 3 styled Remote manipulator system for the Axiom Station.

AxRMF
Axiom's Research & Manufacturing Facility module is expected to launch in the late 2020s. It provides access to the unique microgravity environment as a platform to conduct innovative research, product development, process improvement, and manufacturing.

AxEO
Axiom's Earth Observatory is expected to be a glass-walled cupola planned to launch in the late 2020s.

AxPT
Axiom's Power Thermal module is planned to provide power and thermal capacity equivalent to that of the ISS via solar array to support the station so that Axiom Station will be self-supporting once it disconnects from the ISS. It is expected to launch in the late 2020s. Until AxPT is launched, Axiom Station will be relying on the ISS to help provide power. AxPT also adds EVA capability to the station.

AxPLM
The Raffaello Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules (MPLM) is planned to be modified and installed on Axiom Station after the ISS is decommissioned.

Manufacturing
Axiom Space signed a contract with Thales Alenia Space for Thales Alenia to manufacture and test the primary structure and the Micrometeoroid & Debris Protection System (or MDPS) for both AxH1 and AxH2. Thales Alenia Space is in the process of machining the primary structure of AxH1. With the completion of the Manufacturing Readiness Review on September 21, 2021, Thales Alenia began welding the cone panels of AxH1. The primary structure for AxH1 is expected to be delivered from Italy to Houston, Texas in early 2023 where Axiom Space will complete assembly and integration of all systems before launch.

Assembly
There have been no announcements as to which rocket will carry the AxS modules into Low Earth orbit. The first module, AxH1, is planned to attach to the forward port of Harmony. The SEE-1 module is planned to berth on one of the radial ports of AxH1. AxH2 will then berth on the forward port of AxH1. AxPT is planned to berth on the Zenith port of either AxH1 or AxH2. As Axiom Station is a modular space station, the modules may be moved to different ports as needed.

Scientific research
Axiom Station is planned to have a lab module, AxRMF, to provide opportunities for Low Earth orbit research and manufacturing.

Commercial station
Axiom Station is also planned to have space for general commercial use, such as the SEE-1 entertainment module.