BSON

BSON is a computer data interchange format. The name "BSON" is based on the term JSON and stands for "Binary JSON". It is a binary form for representing simple or complex data structures including associative arrays (also known as name-value pairs), integer indexed arrays, and a suite of fundamental scalar types. BSON originated in 2009 at MongoDB. Several scalar data types are of specific interest to MongoDB and the format is used both as a data storage and network transfer format for the MongoDB database, but it can be used independently outside of MongoDB. Implementations are available in a variety of languages such as C, C++, C#, D, Delphi, Erlang, Go, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Julia, Lua, OCaml, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, Rust, Scala, Smalltalk, and Swift.

Data types and syntax
BSON has a published specification. The topmost element in the structure must be of type BSON object and contains 1 or more elements, where an element consists of a field name, a type, and a value. Field names are strings. Types include:


 * Unicode string (using the UTF-8 encoding)
 * 32 bit integer
 * 64 bit integer
 * double (64-bit IEEE 754 floating point number)
 * decimal128 (128-bit IEEE 754-2008 floating point number; Binary Integer Decimal (BID) variant), suitable as a carrier for decimal-place sensitive financial data and arbitrary precision numerics with 34 decimal digits of precision, a max value of approximately 106145
 * datetime w/o time zone (long integer number of milliseconds since the Unix epoch)
 * byte array (for arbitrary binary data)
 * boolean ( and  )
 * null
 * BSON object
 * BSON array
 * JavaScript code
 * MD5 binary data
 * Regular expression (Perl compatible regular expressions ("PCRE") version 8.41 with UTF-8 support)

An important differentiator to JSON is that BSON contains types not present in JSON (e.g. datetime and byte array) and offers type-strict handling for several numeric types instead of a universal "number" type. For situations where these additional types need to be represented in a textual way, MongoDB's Extended JSON format can be used.

Efficiency
Compared to JSON, BSON is designed to be efficient both in storage space and scan-speed. Large elements in a BSON document are prefixed with a length field to facilitate scanning. In some cases, BSON will use more space than JSON due to the length prefixes and explicit array indices.

Example
A document such as {"hello": "world"} will be stored as:

\x16\x00\x00\x00         // total document size \x02                     // 0x02 = type String hello\x00                // field name \x06\x00\x00\x00world\x00 // field value (size of value, value, null terminator) \x00                     // 0x00 = type EOO ('end of object')