Balanophora

Balanophora is a genus of parasitic flowering plants in the family Balanophoraceae found in parts of tropical and temperate Asia, including the Eastern Himalayas, Malesia region, Pacific Islands, Madagascar, and tropical Africa. There are about 20 accepted species, including the newly discovered B. coralliformis. Many species emit an odour which possibly attracts pollinators in the same way that pollinators are attracted to Rafflesia.

Balanophora species are used in folk medicine in many Asian cultures. For example, in Taiwan and China, Balanophora is known as she-gu (stone-fungus) and in Thailand as hoh-ra-tao-su-nak. In both cases, the plant is used to treat a variety of ailments and has various ritual purposes. The tubers of Balanophora are rich in a wax-like substance which is used in Java as a fuel for torches.

Taxonomy
The genus was first described in 1775 by Johann Reinhold Forster and his son Georg Forster in Characteres Generum Plantarum. The name is derived from the ancient Greek words balanos (βάλανος), meaning "acorn" and pherein (φέρειν), meaning "to carry".

Species
, the following species are accepted at Plants of the World Online:


 * Balanophora abbreviata Blume
 * Balanophora aphylla Luu, H.Ð.Trần & H.C.Nguyen
 * Balanophora coralliformis Barcelona, Tandang & Pelser
 * Balanophora cucphuongensis Ban
 * Balanophora dioica R.Br. ex Royle
 * Balanophora elongata Blume
 * Balanophora fargesii (Tiegh.) Harms
 * Balanophora flava (Hook.f.) Lidén
 * Balanophora fungosa J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. (type species)
 * Balanophora harlandii Hook.f.
 * Balanophora involucrata Hook.f. & Thomson
 * Balanophora japonica Makino
 * Balanophora latisepala (Tiegh.) Lecomte
 * Balanophora laxiflora Hemsl.
 * Balanophora lowii Hook.f.
 * Balanophora nipponica Makino
 * Balanophora papuana Schltr.
 * Balanophora polyandra Griff.
 * Balanophora reflexa Becc.
 * Balanophora subcupularis P.C.Tam
 * Balanophora tobiracola Makino
 * Balanophora wilderi Setch.
 * Balanophora yakushimensis Hatus. & Masam.

Ecology
Balanophora yuwanensis, "often considered the same species as B. yakushimensis", is thought to provide the endangered dark-furred Amami rabbit (Pentalagus furnessi) of the Ryukyu Archipelago with vegetative tissues as a reward for seed dispersal. Previously, it had been a mystery how seeds of B. yuwanensis were dispersed.