Bella ciao

"Bella ciao" ("Goodbye beautiful") is an Italian song dedicated to the partisans of the Italian resistance, which fought against the occupying troops of Nazi Germany and the collaborationist Fascist forces during the liberation of Italy. It was based on a folk song of the late 19th century, sung by female workers of the paddy fields in Northern Italy (mondine) in protest against harsh working conditions. Versions of "Bella ciao" continue to be sung worldwide as a hymn of resistance.

History
The origins of the song are unclear, although one hypothesis is that "Bella Ciao" was originally sung as "Alla mattina appena alzata" ("In the morning as soon as I woke up") by seasonal workers of paddy fields of rice, especially in Italy's Po Valley from the late 19th century to the first half of the 20th century, with different lyrics. They worked at mondare (weeding) the rice fields in northern Italy, to help the healthy growth of young rice plants. This work was performed during the flooding of the fields, from the end of April to the beginning of June every year. During this time, the first stages of their development, the delicate shoots needed to be protected from the difference in temperature between the day and the night. It consisted of two phases: transplanting the plants and pruning the weeds. Mondare was an extremely tiring task, carried out primarily by women known as mondine (plural; singular mondina), from the poorest social classes. They would spend their workdays with bare feet in water up to their knees, and their backs bent continuously. The atrocious working conditions, long hours and very low pay led to constant dissatisfaction and, at times, to rebellious movements and riots in the early years of the 20th century. The struggles against the supervising padroni were even harder, with plenty of clandestine workers ready to compromise even further the already low wages just to get work. Besides "Bella ciao", similar songs of the mondina women included "Sciur padrun da li beli braghi bianchi" and "Se otto ore vi sembran poche".

Other versions of the antecedents of "Bella ciao" appeared over the years, indicating that "Alla mattina appena alzata" must have been composed in the latter half of the 19th century. The earliest written version is dated back to 1906 and comes from near Vercelli, Piedmont.

As a partisan song
There are no indications of the relevance of "Bella ciao" among the partisan brigades, nor of the very existence of the 'partisan version' prior to the first publication of the text in 1953. There are no traces in the documents of the immediate postwar period nor its presence in important songbooks. It is not, for example, in Pasolini's 1955 Canzoniere Italiano nor in the Canti Politici of Editori Riuniti of 1962. The 1963 version of Yves Montand shot to fame after the group Il Nuovo Canzoniere Italiano presented it at the 1964 Festival dei Due Mondi at Spoleto both as a song of the mondine and as a partisan hymn, and the latter so "inclusive" that it could hold together the various political souls of the national liberation struggle (Catholics, Communists, Socialists, Liberals...) and even be sung at the end of the Christian Democracy (Democrazia Cristiana) 1975 congress which elected the former partisan Zaccagnini as national secretary".

As reported in the text by Roberto Battaglia History of the Italian Resistance popular songs of the era were Fischia il vento and the aria of the famous Soviet folk song Katjuša, which became the official anthem of the Garibaldi Partisan Brigades. Even the well-known journalist, former partisan and historian of the partisan struggle, Giorgio Bocca publicly stated:

"'Bella ciao'... song of the Resistance, and 'Giovinezza'... song of the Fascist period... Neither one nor the other born from partisans or fascists, one borrowed from a Dalmatian song, the other from the Tuscan student spirit and over the years it has become the official or de facto anthems of anti-fascist Italy and that of the Mussolini regime... In the twenty months of the partisan war I have never heard people sing 'Bella ciao', an invention of the Spoleto Festival."

These statements were later certified by Carlo Pestelli in his book ''Bella ciao. The song of freedom'', in which he reconstructs the origins and spread of the song.

Even the historians of the Italian song Antonio Virgilio Savona and Michele Straniero have affirmed that "Bella ciao" was not sung or was rarely sung during the partisan war, but was widespread immediately after the Second World War.

Only a few voices, such as that of the historians Cesare Bermani and Ruggero Giacomini, claim that some version of "Bella ciao" was sung by some brigades during the Resistance, although not necessarily in the now popular 'partisan version', of whose existence, as specified above, there is no documentary evidence until the 1950s.

The text as sung today was first published in 1953 in the magazine La Lapa, and then in L'Unità in 1957.

Melody
A possible origin of the melody was identified by researcher Fausto Giovannardi, following the discovery of a Yiddish melody (Koilen song) recorded by a Russian Klezmer accordionist, Mishka Ziganoff, in 1919 in New York. According to the scholar Rod Hamilton of The British Library in London, "Koilen" is a version of "Dus Zekele Koilen" (The bag of coal), of which there are various versions dating back to the 1920s.

Italian folksinger Giovanna Daffini recorded the song in 1962. The music is in quadruple meter.

Covers
One of the most famous recordings is that of the Italian folk singer Giovanna Daffini who recorded both the mondina and the partisan versions. It appears in her 1975 album Amore mio non piangere. Many artists have recorded the song, including Herbert Pagani, Mary Hopkin, Sandie Shaw, and Manu Chao.
 * 1964: Yves Montand as a single
 * 1965: Milva as a single taken from her album Canti della libertà
 * 1969: Quilapayún in the album Basta As a response to the regime of Augusto Pinochet
 * 1975: Giovanna Daffini in her album Amore mio non piangere
 * 1993: Modena City Ramblers on the album Combat Folk
 * 1993: Banda Bassotti on the album Gridalo Forte Records
 * 2001: Anita Lane on the album Sex O'Clock
 * 2010: Talco on the album Combat Circus
 * 2018: Marc Ribot and Tom Waits on the album Songs of Resistance 1942–2018 by Marc Ribot
 * 2018: Steve Aoki and Marnik published another EDM version
 * 2019: Amparo Sánchez and Juan Pinilla released a Flamenca interpretation for the congress of the European Left
 * 2021: Helmut Lotti released "Italian Songbook" with Bella Ciao as track number 5
 * 2021: Becky G as a single
 * 2022: As a part of Hearts of Iron IV DLC By Blood Alone, Paradox released a choir version of "Bella Ciao" arranged by Håkan Glänte and performed by Göteborg Baroque.
 * 2024: A guitar cover of the song, featuring English lyrics she translated herself, was posted by Mitski on her YouTube channel.

International versions
In addition to the original Italian, the song has been recorded by various artists in many different languages, including Albanian, Arabic, Armenian, Belarusian, Bosnian, Breton, Bengali, Bulgarian, Burmese, Catalan, Chinese, Croatian, Czech, Danish, English, Esperanto, Finnish, German, Greek, Hindi, Hungarian, Hebrew, Japanese, Kashmiri, Kurdish, Persian, Macedonian, Malayalam, Marathi, Norwegian, Occitan, Punjabi, Russian, Serbian, Sinhalese, Slovak, Spanish, Syriac, Swedish, Tagalog, Tamil, Telugu, Thai, Tibetan, Turkish, Ukrainian and Yiddish.
 * Azerbaijani Soviet singer Muslim Magomayev performed the song at some of his concerts and he stated that it was Brezhnev's favorite by him.
 * The Chinese version of the song featured in the Chinese translation of the Yugoslavian film The Bridge.


 * A rewritten version of the song can be heard on Chumbawamba's acoustic album A Singsong and a Scrap.
 * Guadeloupean punk band The Bolokos recorded a version in Creole and French called "Bel Aw" on their eponymous album inspired by the Ramoneurs de Menhirs version.
 * Another version of the song was recorded by the punk rock band Dog Faced Hermans on their album, Every Day Time Bomb.
 * Former Yugoslav punk rock bands KUD Idijoti and later Goblini recorded their versions of the track.
 * Hungarian punk rock band Aurora has performed the song.
 * Folk musician Leslie Fish has written and performed several versions of the song, one of which can be found on the album Smoked Fish.
 * Folk artist Mirah lent her voice to this song on her 2004 album, To All We Stretch the Open Arm.
 * Anita Lane recorded a version in English for her 2001 album, Sex O'Clock.
 * Russian Band Balagan Limited 1997 - English: We're going to the city.
 * Breton folk punk band Les Ramoneurs de menhirs recorded a version in Breton and French but called it "BellARB".
 * Swedish progg group Knutna nävar included a version in Swedish named I Alla Länder on their album De svarta listornas folk from 1973.
 * Danish psychedelic rock group The Savage Rose have recorded a version of this song on the albums En Vugge Af Stål from 1982 and Ild Og Frihed (1989).
 * San Francisco punk band La Plebe perform "Bella Ciao" on their album, Brazo en Brazo.
 * French-born musician of Spanish origin Manu Chao has also recorded a version of the song.
 * Kurdish Singer Ciwan Haco has included the song in his album Çaw Bella 1989 – Bochum – Germany. He sang it in Kurmanji Kurdish He added the Kurmanji masculine vocative case article 'lo' to the lyrics to give it some locality.
 * Kurdish music band Koma Dengê Azadî has also included the song with a different style in their album Çaw Bella 1991 – Istanbul – Turkey. The song was revived during ISIS attack on Kobane 2014.
 * The tune has been used in the song "Pilla Chao" from the 2011 Telugu language film Businessman, composed by S. Thaman and also dubbed as "Penne Chaavu" in the Malayalam version of the same film.
 * The 2013 Hindi language film Besharam starring Ranbir Kapoor uses the tune in the song "Love Ki Ghanti."
 * Italian ska punk band Talco recorded the song on their 2006 album Combat Circus.
 * The Norwegian group Samvirkelaget (a collaboration between rap group Gatas Parlament and ska band Hopalong Knut) released a version of the song on their 2007 album Musikk.
 * German Liedermacher Hannes Wader recorded a German version on
 * Konstantin Wecker and Hannes Wader performed it live on their collaboration album Was für eine Nacht.
 * Turkish band Grup Yorum have recorded a Turkish translation of the song on their 1988 album Haziranda Ölmek Zor / Berivan.
 * Turkish band Bandista has recorded a Turkish version, "Hoşçakal", on their album Daima!, in 2011.
 * Bosnian musician Goran Bregović has recorded one version on his album Champagne for Gypsies (2012).
 * German folk duo Zupfgeigenhansel recorded a free adaptation on their 1982 album Miteinander that, instead of glorifying the death of the partisan, paints him as a reluctant anti-hero who is scared and despises war, but feels he has no other choice because of the atrocities he has seen.
 * Thai anti-fascist band Faiyen recorded a Thai version of the song called "Plodploy Plianplaeng" (ปลดปล่อย เปลี่ยนแปลง, "Liberate and Change"). It has been used by the Red Shirts anti-fascism group since 2011.
 * Spanish punk rock band Boikot recorded a modified version in Spanish.
 * An a cappella version was recorded by The Swingle Singers in 1991 on their album Folk Music Around The World.
 * Belarusian folk punk band Dzieciuki recorded a modified version in Belarusian under the name "Трымайся, браце!" ("Hold fast, brother!").
 * Patric recorded "Bèla Ciaò", a version in Occitan for his 2010 album, Colors.
 * Mike Singer recorded an Electro dance version in June 2018.
 * In August 2018, Škampi na Žaru, an occasional musical project of Slovak Radio Expres, published the song with Slovak lyrics.
 * Hardwell and Maddix released an EDM version of the song in 2018.
 * American DJ Steve Aoki and Marnik also made an EDM version in 2018.
 * Marc Ribot collaborated with Tom Waits to create their own version for 2018. It is the first song Tom Waits has done in 2 years. This appears on the Marc Ribot album Songs of Resistance 1942–2018.
 * In 2019, Extinction Rebellion modified the text to suit their mission and named their new version "Rebella Ciao".
 * In 2019, Spanish singer Najwa released her take on the Spanish version of the song, that later served as the music in the ending credits of the fourth season of Money Heist (in which she plays Alicia Sierra).
 * On 23 February 2020 Kashmiri version of the song was released by Zanaan Wanaan, an independent feminist collective based in Kashmir, to protest against the Indian government in the region of Kashmir.
 * In September 2019, Lebanese singer Shiraz released her remixed version of the song that topped the Lebanese Singles Chart.
 * In October 2019, in CAA and NRC protests Poojan Sahil, made a Hindi version "Wapas Jao" of Bella Ciao in Hindi.
 * On 6 January 2020, a Hindi version of this song was used by protesters in Mumbai who were agitating against the Indian government (Citizenship Amendment Act protests).
 * 2018: DJ Ötzi covered the song with German lyrics.
 * In the 2020 Slim by-election, Barisan Nasional specifically Pergerakan Pemuda UMNO supporters adopted the song's melody, modified it in Malay under the name "Cukuplah Sekali Ditipu" ("It's enough to be cheated once") referring to the former Pakatan Harapan administration from 2018 to 2020. The song, with rendition, later regained popularity among BN supporters in the 2022 Malaysian General Elections, which was uploaded on the official YouTube channel of UMNO.
 * On 17 December 2020, during the 2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest, Poojan Sahil made a rendition of "Bella Ciao" in Punjabi against the new farm laws in India.
 * During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, a Bengali version of the song was created named "Lorey Jao" (trans : Continue to fight) to encourage the frontline workers in India.
 * In 2020, protest group Men In Black Denmark used the song's melody, renaming it "Mette Ciao", referring to Danish Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen.
 * During the coronavirus pandemic in 2020 and inspired by the TV series La Casa de Papel, six Armenian pop stars – Nick Egibyan, Sofi Mkheyan, Hayko, Erik Karapetyan, Emmy, Nerses Avetisyan – came together to release the Armenian version of the song, with original lyrics by Aram Topchyan.
 * Zin Linn, a Burmese student activist, wrote the Burmese version of the song and it was sung in several demonstrations in Myanmar, during the nationwide protest against the military coup in early 2021.
 * In 2021, a Bengali version of "Bella Ciao" was used by an Indian political party, BJP, to campaign against another party named TMC. The song was named "Pishi jao", which means "Aunty go!" in Bengali referring to TMC leader Mamata Banerjee.
 * In July 2022, Sri Lankan actress Samanalee Fonseka and Sri Lankan singer Indrachapa Liyanage together with the National People's Power released a Sinhalese cover "Enawado (එනවාදෝ)" ("Will you come?") during the 2022 Sri Lankan protests.
 * In 2023, the Serbian version of "Bella Ciao", part of "Next to you" movie soundtrack, interpreted by Bojana Janković, was used as anthem of 2023 Serbian protests.
 * In July 2024, Mitski covered the song partially in English on acoustic guitar and challenged others to duet on social media, encouraging renditions in other languages.

In popular culture
As an internationally known hymn of freedom, it was intoned at many historic and revolutionary events. The song originally aligned itself with Italian partisans fighting against Nazi German occupation troops, but has since become to merely stand for the inherent rights of all people to be liberated from tyranny.

Renewed popularity
In 2017 and 2018, the song received renewed popularity due to the singing of "Bella ciao" multiple times in the Spanish television series Money Heist. The character Tokyo recounts in one of her narrations, "The life of the Professor revolved around a single idea: Resistance. His grandfather, who had fought against the fascists in Italy, taught him the song and he taught us." The song is played in emblematic moments in the series as a metaphor for freedom.

Miscellaneous
The Timbers Army, the supporters group for the American soccer club Portland Timbers, have long used the song (with modified lyrics) as a chant.

In April 2018, supporters from the Portuguese soccer club F.C. Porto adapted the song with the lyrics "Penta Xau" ("Bye bye fifth"), referring to the lost opportunity by rival club S.L. Benfica to win a fifth national championship in a row, a feat only F.C. Porto has achieved in the country.

The song was also adapted by Brazilian fans during World Cup 2018 to tease and taunt Argentina about their possible exit in the first round, which eventually did not occur, with references to Argentine players Di María, Mascherano, and Messi (Brazil and Argentina have a well-known football rivalry).

The song was the inspiration for the #EleNão movement against right wing Brazilian presidential candidate Jair Bolsonaro.

During nationwide protests in Colombia in 2019, the anti-fascist song was adapted by demonstrators to oppose the government of Iván Duque of the Centro Democrático party, who have been for years questioned or investigated for systematic violations of the Constitution, the environment, Human Rights and Crimes against humanity. As the presidential period of Duque ends in 2022, since 2019 the song, dubbed as 'Duque Chao', is sung and interpreted in protests in Colombia and by the diáspora, also during the national strike demonstrations of April and May 2021, in which citizens have been killed, injured and disappeared by state police forces.

In March 2020, the song once again gained international attention after Europeans and Italians in lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy and Europe sang "Bella ciao" from the balconies of their housing complexes.

In the 2021 video game Far Cry 6, the song is adapted to Spanish as La Bella Ciao de Libertad with altered lyrics referring to the revolutionary movement of the game.

In 2023, unionists from the Italian General Confederation of Labour, Italian Confederation of Trade Unions, and Italian Labour Union sang "Bella Ciao" to protest Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni, who has been criticized for her party's neo-fascist origins.

Filmography
"Bella Ciao" has been used many times in soundtracks of films. Examples include:
 * 1969: "Most (Savage Bridge)", directed by Hajrudin Krvavac, Yugoslavia.
 * 1976: 3000 Leagues in Search of Mother directed by Isao Takahata, Japan.
 * 2000: À l'attaque! directed by Robert Guédiguian.
 * 2006: No Mercy for the Rude is a South Korean neo-noir action comedy film directed by Park Chul-hee.
 * 2010: L'Immortel directed by Richard Berry, where "Bella Ciao" is sung by a prisoner.
 * 2012: Businessman directed by Puri Jagannadh, where "Pilla Chao" is sung by Vijay Surya. Music director: S Thaman
 * 2013: "Besharam" directed by Abhinav Kashyap, where "Love Ki Ghanti" is sung by Sujeet Shetty, Ranbir Kapoor, & Amitosh Nagpal.
 * 2017: Money Heist, Spanish TV series, sung many times by the robbers.
 * 2018: Bella Ciao!, a feature film. Whistled on soundtrack during the beginning title and performed by The Carnival Band in a scene.
 * 2019: The Two Popes, a biographical film directed by Fernando Meirelles.
 * 2020: There Is No Evil, Iranian drama film directed by Mohammad Rasoulof.
 * 2022: R.M.N., Romanian drama film film written and directed by Cristian Mungiu, where the villagers sing and dance to the song, ironic given the turn the village takes later.
 * 2023: Next to you, Serbian film directed by Stevan Filipović.