Biu–Mandara languages

The Biu–Mandara or Central Chadic languages of the Afro-Asiatic family are spoken in Nigeria, Chad and Cameroon.

A reconstruction of Proto-Central Chadic has been proposed by Gravina (2014).

Gravina (2014)
Gravina (2014) classifies Central Chadic as follows, as part of a reconstruction of the proto-language. Letters and numbers in parentheses correspond to branches in previous classifications. The greatest changes are breaking up and reassigning the languages of the old Mafa branch (A.5) and Mandage (Kotoko) branch (B.1).


 * Central Chadic
 * South
 * South
 * Bata (A.8)
 * Bata Proper: Bacama, Bata, Fali, Gude, Gudu, Holma (†), Jimi, Ngwaba (from A.1 Tera), Nzanyi, Sharwa
 * Tsuvan: Tsuvan, Zizilivakan
 * Daba (A.7)
 * Daba Proper: Daba, Mazagway Hidi
 * Mina: Mina, Mbudum
 * Buwal: Buwal, Gavar
 * Mafa (= South A.5 Mafa (d)): Mafa, Mefele, Cuvok
 * Tera (A.1):
 * East Tera: Boga, Ga'anda, Hwana
 * (West Tera): Jara, Tera
 * Sukur (A.6)
 * Hurza
 * Hurza (from A.5 Mafa): Vame, Mbuko
 * North
 * Margi–Mandara–Mofu
 * Margi (A.2)
 * Bura: Bura, Cibak, Putai, Nggwahyi
 * Margi Proper: Kilba, Margi South, Margi
 * Mandara (A.4):
 * Wandala: Mandara (Malgwa), Glavda
 * Dghwede: Cineni, Dghwede, Guduf, Gava, Gvoko
 * Podoko: Podoko, Matal (from A.5 Mafa)
 * Mofu (part of South A.5 Mafa)
 * Tokombere: Ouldeme, Mada, Muyang, Molokwo
 * Meri: Zulgo, Gemzek, Merey, Dugwor
 * Mofu Proper: Mofu North, Mofu-Gudur
 * Maroua
 * Maroua (part of South A.5 Mafa (c)): Giziga North, Giziga South, Mbazla
 * Lamang
 * Lamang (West A.4 Wandala): Lamang, Hdi, Mabas
 * Higi
 * Higi (A.3): Bana, Hya, Psikyɛ, Kamwe, Kirya-Konzel
 * Musgum – North Kotoko
 * Kotoko Island: Buduma
 * Kotoko North: Mpade, Afaɗə, Malgbe, Maltam
 * Musgum (B.2): Musgum, Mbara, Muskum (†)
 * Kotoko Centre
 * Kotoko Centre: Lagwan, Mser
 * Kotoko South
 * Kotoko South: Zina, Mazera
 * Gidar

Jilbe was not classified, as no sources were available.

Blench (2006)
The branches of Biu–Mandara traditionally go by either names or letters and numbers in an outline format. Blench (2006) organizes them as follows:


 * Biu–Mandara
 * Tera (A.1): Tera, Pidlimdi (Hinna), Jara, Ga'anda, Gabin, Boga, Ngwaba, Hwana
 * Bura–Higi
 * Bura (A.2): Bura-Pabir (Bura), Cibak (Kyibaku), Nggwahyi, Huba (Kilba), Putai (Marghi West), Marghi Central (Margi, Margi Babal), Marghi South
 * ? Kofa
 * Higi (A.3): Kamwə (Psikyɛ, Higi), Bana, Hya, ? Kirya-Konzəl
 * Wandala–Mafa
 * Wandala (Mandara) (A.4)
 * East: Wandala (Mura, Mandara, Malgwa), Glavda (Gəlvaxdaxa)
 * Parəkwa (Podoko)
 * West: Gəvoko, Guduf-Gava (Cineni), Dghweɗe, Hdi (Xədi, Hedi, Tur), Lamang, Woga, Vemgo, Mabas
 * Sukur (Sakwun, A.6)
 * Mafa (A.5)
 * Northeast Mafa: Vame (Pəlasla), Mbuko, Gaduwa
 * Matal (Muktele)
 * South Mafa
 * (a) Wuzlam (Ouldémé), Muyang, Maɗa, Məlokwo
 * (b) Zəlgwa-Minew, Gemzek, Ɗugwor, Mikere, Merey
 * (c) North Giziga, South Giziga, North Mofu, Mofu-Gudur (South Mofu), Baldemu (Mbazlam)
 * (d) Cuvok, Mafa, Mefele, Shügule
 * Daba (A.7)
 * North Daba: Buwal (Gadala), Gavar (Kortchi)
 * South Daba: Mina (Besleri, Hina), Daba (Mazagway), Mbədam
 * Bata (Gbwata) (A.8): Bacama, Bata (Gbwata), Sharwa, Tsuvan, Gude, Fali of Mubi, Zizilivakan (Ulan Mazhilvən, Fali of Jilbu), Jimi (Jimjimən), Gudu, Holma (†), Nzanyi
 * Mandage (Kotoko) (B.1)
 * South Mandage: Msər (Kousseri), Lagwan (Logone)
 * ? Jilbe
 * North Mandage: Afaɗə, Maslam, Malgbe (Gulfey), Mpadə
 * Buduma (Yedina)
 * East–Central
 * Gidar (Kaɗa)
 * Munjuk (B.2): Mbara, Muskum (Muzuk) (†), Mpus, Beege (Jafga), Vulum (Mulwi)
 * Mida'a (< B.1): Jina, Majəra

Newman (1977)
Central Chadic classification per Newman (1977):



Names and locations (Nigeria)
Below is a list of language names, populations, and locations (in Nigeria only) from Blench (2019).

Numerals
Comparison of numerals in individual languages: