Blackspot seabream

The blackspot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo), also known as the red seabream and as the besugo, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, which includes the seabreams and porgies. This is a widespread species in the Eastern Atlantic from Norway to Mauritania, including Macaronesia and the western Mediterranean. It is an important species to fisheries, although overfishing has led to this species being classified as Near Threatened.

Taxonomy
The blackspot seabream was first formally described as Sparus bogaraveo in 1768 by the Danish zoologist and mineralogist Morten Thrane Brünnich with its type localities given as Marseille. The genus Pagellus is placed in the family Sparidae within the order Spariformes by the 5th edition of Fishes of the World. Some authorities classify this genus in the subfamily Pagellinae, but the 5th edition of Fishes of the World does not recognise subfamilies within the Sparidae.

Etymology
The blackspot seabream has the specific name bogaraveo which is derived from the local common name for this species in Marseille, bogue-raveo.

Description
The blackspot seabream is a fish with a moderately deep body, a rounded snout and large eyes which have a diameter greater than the length of the snout. It has small sharp teeth and larger, flatter teeth set into the sides of the jaws. It has a long dorsal fin which has 12 spines in the anterior portion and 12–13 branched rays in the posterior portion. The shorter anal fin has three spines and 12–13 branched rays. The pectoral fins are relatively long and are pointed at their tips. The back and upper flanks are reddish in colour and the lower part of the body is silvery with a pinkish tinge. There is a black spot situated directly above the base of the pectoral fin. The maximum recorded standard length is 70 cm but a more common standard length is 30 cm. The largest published weight is 4 kg.

Distribution
The blackspot seabream is largely found in the waters of the eastern North Atlantic from Norway south to Cape Blanc in Mauritania, its range extends into the western Mediterranean as far as the Strait of Sicily and the Adriatic. It is also found around the Canary Islands and the Azores and has been recorded off Iceland.

Habitat and biology
The blackspot seabream occurs in inshore waters above different types of substrates, rocks, sand and mud. It ranges down to 400 m in the Mediterranean but down to 700 m in the Atlantic. The young fish are found near the coast while the adults are found on the continental slope, particularly over areas with a muddy substrate. This is an omnivorous species which has a diverse diet of crustaceans, molluscs, and small fish. It can eat plant matter as well.

The blackspot seabream is a protoandrous hermaphrodite, early in its lifecycle it is male then between the ages of 2 and 7, however, it becomes female. Spawning occurs throughout the year, with a peaks dependent on location. it is August to October off the British Isles and January to April in the Bay of Biscay. Farther south the spawning peaks are in January to March off Morocco and in January to May in the Mediterranean). A female of standard length 31 - 41 cm can lay 70,000–500,000 eggs. They are mature at 4–5 years old when they are 22-25 cm in length. It is a gregarious species which migrates to coastal waters to spawn.

Human utilisation
The blackspot sea bream is an important food fish which is marketed fresh and frozen around the Mediterranean. Fishing is done using trawls, trammel nets and bottom long lines. Fishing for this species is done on a semi-industrial basis or by artisanal fishermen, it is also a sport fish. It regularly available in the fish markets of France, Spain, Morocco and Italy, however it is only occasionally found in such markets in Sicily, Tunisia, Greece and Turkey. It was heavily exploited by the artisanal fleet of the Strait of Gibraltar where boats from Andalusia fished for blackspot seabream using a vertical deep water longline called a voracera which was baited with small sardines. Today, this species commands a high price in the Spanish domestic market as a result of overfishing, and a near monopoly of landings in Tarifa and this has resulted in an increase in imported fish from Portugal and Morocco. It has also been used to produce fishmeal and oil. It is grown in aquaculture off Spain. This species has shown declines in the stock and in the amounts landed, this has led the IUCN have classified this species as Near-threatened.