Bristol Motor Speedway

Bristol Motor Speedway (formerly known as the Bristol International Raceway from 1978 to 1996 and as the Bristol International Speedway from 1961 to 1978) is a 0.533 mi oval short track in Bristol, Tennessee. The track has held a variety of events since its opening in 1961, including NASCAR races, NCAA FBS college football games, and sprint car races. The track has been owned by Speedway Motorsports, LLC (SMI) since 1996 with Jerry Caldwell currently serving as the track's general manager. The track is served by the concurrent U.S. Route 19 and U.S. Route 11E, along with Tennessee State Route 394.

The speedway has a capacity of 146,000 as of 2021, down from its peak of over 160,000. In addition to the Bristol Motor Speedway, the track's complex also features a two-lane, 1/4 mi long drag strip. The main track has also on several occasions been temporarily covered with dirt to host various types of dirt track racing, and on occasions has acted as a football stadium and field.

On January 17, 1961, local Tennessean recreational conglomerate owner Larry Carrier announced his intentions of building a racetrack in Bristol, expanding his recreational conglomerate within the Tri-Cities, Tennessee, area. The track was constructed with no major issues, and opened in July of that same year for a speed record run by Johnson City, Tennessee, native Tommy Morgan. Since its opening, the track has gone through several owners and has overseen mass expansion since the current owners of the track bought it in 1996.

Configuration
The track in its current form is measured at 0.533 mi, with the track's turns ranging from 24 degrees to 30 degrees in banking. The straightaways are banked at four degrees at the bottom and progresses up to 9 degrees at the top. When the track was initially constructed, the track had 27 degrees of banking. Before 2007, the track marketed that the track's banking was 36 degrees; this was eventually later found to be incorrect, with the true banking being 30 degrees. When the track is temporarily covered with dirt, the track uses a progressing banking system from 16 to 19 degrees. The track is also the only track left on the NASCAR schedule that utilizes two pit road lanes instead of one, combined pit road lane.

Amenities
At the time of the track's initial construction, the Knoxville News Sentinel reported that track had a capacity of 21,000, a press box, around 10,000 parking spaces, and shower rooms upon a 120-acre facility. The track has since seen mass expansion during the ownerships of Larry Carrier and Speedway Motorsports, LLC (SMI). As of 2023, the facility features a capacity of 146,000, down from its peak of 162,000. The facility also features a 30-by-63 foot television screen that hangs over the middle of the track that is named Colossus TV.

Adjacent drag strip
In 1964, plans for a drag strip were announced by then-track owner Larry Carrier and National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) officials. After a hasty construction process, the 1/4 mi dragstrip was completed by May 1965. The dragstrip has gone under renovations since the 1990s, including an $18 million renovation in 1997.

Planning and construction
In 1960, businessman Larry Carrier, continuing plans to expand a local recreation conglomerate within the Tri-Cities, Tennessee, area, wanted to build a race track. He drew up initial plans to build a track in Piney Flats, Tennessee, using land that his real-estate agent father had bought. However, the plan was rejected was local ministers in the area. Carrier instead opted to build the track five miles south on land that was formerly used as a dairy farm. Carrier, with later assistance from R. G. Pope and Carl R. Moore, drew ideas for the track on paper bags. On January 17, 1961, the three announced plans to build a 20,000-seat, 100-acre, 1/2 mi track adjacent to U.S. Route 11E at a budget from $750,000 to $1,000,000. Along with the announcement, two annual NASCAR-sanctioned races were announced, with further intentions to use the track for other entertainment purposes.

Although groundbreaking on the facility was scheduled on January 23, it was delayed by two days to the 25th. The next month, new local modified races were announced at the track. By March, the track was selling tickets, with Tennessee Ernie Ford buying the first ticket. Within same month, Carrier was able to negotiate with Washington Redskins owner George Preston Marshall to hold a National Football League (NFL) exhibition game between the Redskins and the Philadelphia Eagles after a failed attempt by Marshall to hold the game at the Charlotte Motor Speedway.

The track was met with optimism throughout Tennessee and with sports personalities. The track was praised for its layout and amenities by team owner Bud Moore, driver Cotton Owens, and Redskins public relations director Dave Slattery. The Governor of Tennessee at the time, Buford Ellington, declared a "Volunteer 500" week in the state of Tennessee. Jimmy Smyth, a writer for the Johnson City Press, praised that local residents in the Tri-Cities area now had a track nearby instead of driving hundreds of miles to another track.

Early years
The track officially opened to the public on July 23, 1961, for a paved half-mile speed record attempt by driver Tommy Morgan. Two days later, the track opened for NASCAR-sanctioned activities, with a practice session for the 1961 Volunteer 500. The next year, Carrier announced in the Bristol Virginia–Tennessean of a new recreational building near the track along with highway renovations. The track was favored in the local media by this point; the Virginia–Tennessean declared the track to be the "best" and "fastest" half-mile track in the world. The track did face difficulties; according to Carrier, the 1961 NFL game lost them $36,000. As a result of the loss, Pope left the track soon after, leaving the track to be run by Carrier and Moore.

In October 1964, the Bristol Herald Courier reported that the track was negotiating with National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) officials on building a proposed dragstrip. Two months later, the dragstrip project was officially announced by Carrier, with the facility announced to be a 27,000-seat, 1/4 mi long facility built on a 500-acre plot of land at a budget of $700,000. A month after the announcement, Russ DeVault, writer for the Herald Courier, predicted that Carrier was planning to build a bigger facility that was at least 1 mi long; Carrier neither denied or admitted the predicted project. In March 1965, the track announced plans to build a 2.25 mi long road course that would utilize parts of the dragstrip. By May, the dragstrip was finished in time for its opening in early June. By the beginning of 1966, the track was beginning to construct the road course.

In 1969, Carrier announced a repave and reconfiguration of the track. The banking in the turns was changed to a progressive banking system from 31 to 35 degrees and the straightaways would be changed to 20 degrees, which Carrier promised would produce speeds nearing 100 mph. The repave was completed by July of that year, and in the next major race, drivers saw average lap speeds of over 100 mph. The next year, when Carrier created the International Hot Rod Association (IHRA), he set up the association's headquarters at the track.

Lanny Hester and Gary Baker era
By the mid-1970s, Carrier wanted to focus more on his drag racing endeavors with the IHRA. On November 2, 1977, Carrier announced the sale of the track to Nashville businessmen Lanny Hester and Gary Baker for $1 million. At the time of the duo's purchase, the track had seen stagnating attendance, which the duo attributed to shortening its NASCAR races to 400 laps. Upon the track's purchase, the duo announced $200,000 worth of renovations, a rebranding to "Bristol International Raceway", an increase of purse money, and a revert to the traditional 500 lap distance for its NASCAR races. In addition, the track planned to run its first ever night race at the 1978 Volunteer 500, with temporary lights being installed during for the night race. The renovations did see success, with increased attendance according to Kingsport Times writer Denny Darnell.

Short-lived Warner W. Hodgdon era
In January 1981, Baker bought out Hester's share of the track. However, just 10 months later, then-public relations manager of the track, Eddie Gossage announced that California businessman Warner W. Hodgdon bought out half of Baker's share of the track's ownership. According to Baker, while he did not initially intend on selling some of his interest, his opinion changed when Hodgdon displayed interest of buying out some of Baker's interest. With Hodgdon's investment, Hodgdon stated plans to increase the capacity of the track to 50,000. In May 1982, Baker and Hodgdon also purchased the dragstrip from Carrier. By October, according to Gossage in a letter to the editor of the Herald Courier, he claimed that Hodgdon increased capacity by 3,000, added new sewer and water lines, and expanded parking.

In July 1983, Hodgdon purchased the rest of Baker's interest in the track for $2 million, completely buying out the track. As a result of Hodgdon's purchase, Carrier was appointed to become the general manager. The next month, Carrier announced a new renovation plan over several years. However, by the late fall, staff were disgruntled; according to staff who worked with Hodgdon, he was heavily disliked. Then-public relations manager of the Hodgdon-owned Nashville Fairgrounds Speedway, Tom Roberts, had a grudge with Hodgdon, and immediately realized "I needed to be looking for another job... I looked at him as one of the biggest charlatans I had ever encountered", sharing sentiments with Gossage, who both left soon after Hodgdon bought the track.

By the end of 1984, Hodgdon faced a litany of legal issues. In November, The Tennessean's Larry Woody reported that Hodgdon was facing accusations of bid rigging in his home state of California along with his company, the National Engineering Company, facing bankruptcy. By the end of December, he was facing additional lawsuits from the North Carolina Motor Speedway and overdue payments to the Tennessee State Fair and Exposition Commission. He later failed to meet deadlines for a $102,000 payment for the Bristol track. By January 1985, the Bank of Virginia planned to put the track and the dragstrip up for auction on February 8. However, the auction was eventually scrapped when Hodgdon filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, requesting for protection and reorganization. Despite this, Carrier declared that the track's events for the year would still occur. NASCAR eventually confirmed Carrier's declaration in February, with Carrier being proclaimed by the Johnson City Press as the one who was able to maintain events at the track. The track also struck a five-year deal to broadcast its NASCAR races nationally on ESPN.

Larry Carrier's return
In November 1985, rumors of Kentucky businessman and drag racer Jim Ruth buying out a portion of the complex were denied by Carrier, with Carrier claiming that he was planning to buy out National Raceways, Hodgdon's company that owned the Bristol track. At the end of January 1986, Carrier's purchase was officially confirmed, paying $4.5–5 million for the company. Carrier also announced the sale of the dragstrip to Ruth to finance Carrier's purchase. With his purchase, Carrier announced further renovations, including a new 5,000-seat grandstand and new concrete walls.

The track throughout the 1980s saw increases in popularity and continued sellouts for the track, with the success of the track being remarked as "unprecedented in NASCAR racing" by The Charlotte Observer writer Tom Higgins. By the end of the decade, sellouts were guaranteed for the track months before the track's races occurred, along with the striking of a five-year renewal with ESPN. The track by this point had expanded to 50,000 seats and generated more than $138 million annually in economic revenue, with stated future intentions to build $400,000 worth of improvements. In 1989, the track also sought to expand to hold major concerts according to then-general manager Ron Scalf.

During the late 1980s and the early 1990s, the track oversaw numerous repaves. In September 1988, a $500,000 repave of the track was announced that was completed the next month. To Carrier's ire, the new surface saw increased tire wear, which Carrier blamed on how the track was resurfaced. In lieu of Carrier's anger of the new surface, he announced another repave in May 1989. The surface received complaints by drivers for the surface being too rough and bumpy. By the fall of 1991, Carrier announced a third repave. The surface still oversaw more complaints for being too bumpy, and after the 1992 Food City 500, Carrier announced another complete repave of the track. This time, Carrier opted to pave the surface in concrete instead of asphalt, which was what the track had been using since its inception. The repave was completed in July of that year.

Bruton Smith's purchase, expansion
Despite Carrier stating at the start of the 1990s that he had no intention of selling the track, sometime in the early 1990s, motorsports mogul Bruton Smith displayed interest of buying Bristol International Raceway. According to Scalf, although Carrier refused, Smith insisted on purchasing the track, stating, "everything is for sale". Within the next three weeks, Carrier, Scalf, and Smith negotiated the potential sale of the track, with the situation being described by Scalf as "where one family-owned track was basically competing with corporate America". Although Carrier stated fears to Scalf about losing NASCAR race weekends, he eventually agreed to sell off the complex with the exception of a 78-acre campground. On January 23, 1996, the sale of the track was confirmed at the cost of $26 million, with an executive for the sports marketing division of the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, Jeff Byrd, replacing Scalf as general manager.

Upon the track's purchase, Smith's ownership was met with suspicion. Many local businesses and fans feared that the track could lose a NASCAR race weekend as a result of NASCAR experiencing a surge in popularity in the 1990s, with Smith having a previous record of buying or building bigger tracks and taking away race weekends from smaller tracks. The loss of a race weekend spurred fears of crippling the local Tri-Cities economy. In February 1996, Smith denied rumors of moving the track's spring race weekend to the new Texas Motor Speedway, along with announcing intentions of increasing capacity to 120,000, an increase from 81,000 from when Smith bought it. Initial renovations started in March, with further plans for expansion and events being announced by Byrd. The track was also renamed "Bristol Motor Speedway" within the month. By the end of the year, Byrd estimated the track had spent $20 million in renovations, with more renovations being announced in November. By April 1997, the track surpassed Neyland Stadium as the largest sports arena in Tennessee by capacity. The track continued to oversee further expansion in the late 1990s and early 2000s. In 1999, the track constructed the Kulwicki Tower, which was completed by 2000 and increased capacity by 12,000 seats to 147,000. In 2000 and 2001, the track held its first dirt races on a temporary dirt surface; however, the races were scrapped after 2001 due to issues with lengthy cleanups.

Track changes, short-lived dirt racing
In 2002, the track expanded further; the track built a new pedestrian tunnel that connected the grandstands to the infield, along with stated plans to expand seating. In August, the seating expansion was officially confirmed, with an intent to expand to 160,000. In 2006, the track officially announced a repave of its track surface; however, the repave was later rescheduled to occur in 2007. By the time the new variable-banking system was complete in August, the turns varied from 24 to 30 degrees, with the racing surface being widened from 40 to 43 feet.

The track repave saw criticism for removing the one-lane and rough style racing Bristol became reputable for; criticism became so prevalent that an ashamed Byrd was stated to have repeated "y'all, we're sorry" to fans leaving the track after the 2008 Sharpie 500. In 2010, the track saw its streak of 55 consecutive sellouts for its NASCAR races end. In October of that year, after Byrd died in October, the track promoted its vice president of corporate sales, Jerry Caldwell, to become the track's general manager. Two years later, in response to both fan criticism along with Smith's stated displeasure with the progressive banking system, the track announced the elimination of the progressive banking system. In October 2015, the track announced the construction of Colossus TV, a 30-by-63 foot television screen that was touted as the world's largest "outdoor, permanent, center-hung digital display". Construction on the screen started in November and was completed in April 2016. In that same year, the track began applying PJ1 TrackBite, a traction compound, on the track's lower groove in an attempt to artificially create multi-groove racing.

In 2020, in response to sagging attendance to the track's spring NASCAR race weekend, the track announced that their annual spring NASCAR race weekend would take place on a dirt surface, with the track being temporarily covered with dirt in order to accommodate the change. The race became the first NASCAR Cup Series event to be run on dirt since 1970. However, after three years of running the event for NASCAR, the event faced significant criticism from varying groups. Drivers Kyle Larson and Chris Buescher both stated displeasure on the series racing on dirt, stating beliefs that Cup Series cars were not "built for dirt" and advocating for the track to revert to concrete; a similar sentiment was shared by Alex Bowman and Bubba Wallace, who thought the event was a "gimmick". Other drivers, such as Joey Logano, thought the track should be left alone, instead advocating for modifications to other tracks. In addition, within the three years, the race saw numerous issues during its races, including increased tire problems and improper maintenance. By 2023, the track abandoned the idea, reverting to running the event on concrete for 2024 along with marketing the race with a "retro" theme that throwbacks to the track in the early 1990s.

NASCAR
With the track's initial announcement in 1961, the track announced two annual NASCAR Cup Series races: the Southeastern 500 and the Volunteer 500. The events have run annually since. The former, the Southeastern 500 (now known as the Food City 500 for sponsorship reasons), was first run on October 22, 1961. In 1963, the race was moved to its traditional late March or early April date. In 2015, the race was shifted to mid-April due to concerns with rain. Throughout the 2010s, the race saw a period of major decline. In 2016, the race only saw 70,000 fans enter the race, less than half of the track's capacity. By the end of the decade, the situation had gotten so dire that the race saw an over 75% decline in attendance, with sections of the grandstands blocked off. In 2020, in an attempt to reverse the declines in attendance, the track announced that the spring weekend would take place on a temporary dirt surface. The idea was scrapped three years later, reverting to using the concrete surface. The latter, the Volunteer 500 (now known as the Bass Pro Shops Night Race for sponsorship reasons), was first run on July 30, 1961; the first major event held at the track, with Jack Smith winning the event. In 1978, the race was run at night for the first time. In 2020, the race was shifted from its traditional mid-August date to mid-September to become the final race of the Round of 16 in the NASCAR Cup Series playoffs. Along with its Cup Series dates, the track also hosts lower-series NASCAR races annually, including second-tier NASCAR Xfinity Series and third-tier NASCAR Truck Series races.

Other racing events
Since 2022, YouTuber Lawrence Garrett Mitchell, known by his alias Cleetus McFarland, has held Cleetus and Cars, an annual car festival that also holds races.

American football games
On various occasions, the track has held American gridiron football games at varying levels. In 1961, the track hosted an exhibition National Football League (NFL) game between the Washington Redskins and the Philadelphia Eagles after an initial failed attempt to host an event at Charlotte Motor Speedway. In 2013, a NCAA Division I FBS game was officially announced for the track between the Tennessee Volunteers and the Virginia Tech Hokies, to take place in 2016. The game took place on September 10, with the Volunteers winning. A week after the Battle at Bristol, the track played host to another football game, this time a for NCAA Division I FCS game between the East Tennessee State Buccaneers and the Western Carolina Catamounts.

Other events and uses
The track on numerous occasions has served as a facility to assist the general public in a variety of situations. In 2002, the track acted as a temporary high school for students at Sullivan East High School when their school was closed due to a black mold infection. In the early 2010s, Remote Area Medical held a medical clinic at the track. The track has been used as an evacuee center for several hurricanes, including Hurricane Irma in 2017, Hurricane Florence in 2018, and Hurricane Dorian in 2019. The track has also been used as a COVID-19 vaccine distribution center.

In 1968, the track served as a campaign rally for longtime Alabama Governor George Wallace for his campaign in the 1968 United States presidential election. In 2021, YouTuber Jimmy Donaldson, known by his alias MrBeast, held a game of tag between 10 people at the track with a purse of $500,000 given to the winner.

Lap records
As of September 2023, the fastest official race lap records at Bristol Motor Speedway are listed as: