Carlos I of Portugal

Dom Carlos I (Charles; 28 September 1863 – 1 February 1908), known as the Diplomat (o Diplomata), the Martyr (o Martirizado), and the Oceanographer (o Oceanógrafo), among many other names, was King of Portugal from 1889 until his assassination in 1908. He was the first Portuguese king to die a violent death since King Sebastian in 1578.

Early life


Carlos was born in Lisbon, Portugal, the son of King Luís and Queen Maria Pia, daughter of King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy, and was a member of the House of Braganza. He had a brother, Infante Afonso, Duke of Porto. He was baptised with the names Carlos Fernando Luís Maria Víctor Miguel Rafael Gabriel Gonzaga Xavier Francisco de Assis José Simão.

He had an intense education and was prepared to rule as a constitutional monarch. In 1883, he traveled to Italy, the United Kingdom, France and Germany, where he increased his knowledge of the modern civilization of his time. In 1883, 1886 and 1888, he ruled as Regent as his father was traveling in Europe, as had become traditional among the Portuguese constitutional kings. His father Luis I advised him to be modest and to study with focus.

His first bridal candidate was one of the daughters of German Emperor Frederick III, but the issue of religion presented an insurmountable problem, and diplomatic pressure from the British government prevented the marriage. He then met and married Princess Amélie of Orléans, eldest daughter of Philippe, comte de Paris, pretender to the throne of France.

Reign
Carlos became king on 19 October 1889. After the 1890 British Ultimatum, a series of treaties were signed with the United Kingdom. One signed in August 1890 defined colonial borders along the Zambezi and Congo rivers, whereas another signed on 14 October 1899 confirmed colonial treaties dating back to the 17th century. These treaties stabilised the political balance in Africa, ending Portuguese claims of sovereignty on the Pink Map, a geographical conception of how Portuguese colonies would appear on a map if the territory between the coastal colonies of Angola and Mozambique could be connected with territory in central Africa. These central African territories became part of the British Empire with the Portuguese concession becoming a source of national resentment in the country.

Domestically, Portugal declared bankruptcy twice – on 14 June 1892, then again on 10 May 1902 – causing industrial disturbances, socialist and republican antagonism and press criticism of the monarchy. Carlos responded by appointing João Franco as prime minister and subsequently accepting parliament's dissolution.

As a patron of science and the arts, King Carlos took an active part in the celebration of the 500th anniversary of the birth of Prince Henry the Navigator in 1894. The following year he decorated the Portuguese poet João de Deus in a ceremony in Lisbon.

Carlos took a personal interest in deep-sea and maritime exploration and used several yachts named Amélia on his oceanographical voyages. He published an account of his own studies in this area.

Assassination
On 1 February 1908, the royal family was returning to Lisbon from the Ducal Palace of Vila Viçosa in Alentejo, where they had spent part of the hunting season during the winter. The royal party traveled by train to Barreiro, from there taking a steamer to cross the Tagus River and disembarking at Cais do Sodré in central Lisbon. On their way to the royal palace, the open carriage containing Carlos I and his family passed through the Terreiro do Paço fronting on the river. In spite of recent political unrest there was no military escort, except for a single mounted officer riding by the carriage. While the carriage was crossing the square at dusk, shots were fired from amongst the sparse crowd by two republican activists, Alfredo Luís da Costa and Manuel Buíça.

Buíça, a former army sergeant and sharpshooter, fired five shots from a rifle hidden under his long overcoat. The king died immediately, his heir Luís Filipe was mortally wounded, and Prince Manuel was hit in the arm. The queen escaped injury. The two assassins were killed on the spot by police, and an innocent bystander, João da Costa, was also shot dead in the confusion. The royal carriage turned into the nearby Navy Arsenal, where, about twenty minutes later, Prince Luís Filipe died. Several days later, the younger son, Prince Manuel, was proclaimed king of Portugal. He was the last of the Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha dynasty and the final king of Portugal.

Marriage and children
Carlos I was married to Princess Amélie of Orléans in 1886. She was a daughter of Philippe, Count of Paris, and Princess Marie Isabelle of Orléans. Their children were:
 * Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal (1887–1908)
 * Infanta Maria Ana of Braganza (b/d 14 December 1887)
 * Manuel II, King of Portugal between 1908 and 1910 (1889–1932)

Allegedly, Carlos I had several extramarital relationships, from which some bastards were born. He may have had a daughter from an American. By Grimaneza Viana de Lima, a Peruvian widow of a Brazilian diplomat, he possibly had a daughter called Maria Pia, born before 1902. Grimaneza was his last great passion. Allegedly, he also had, from the Brazilian Maria Amélia Laredó e Murça, another bastard daughter, born in 1907 and also called Maria Pia. During his life, Carlos I never officially recognized the paternity of any bastard child, despite the fact that he himself was responsible for fueling suspicions about his illegitimate offspring.

Honours

 * Portuguese
 * Grand Commander of the Three Military Orders of Christ, Aviz and St. James
 * Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword
 * Grand Cross of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa

•  Austria-Hungary: Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen, 1873
 * Foreign

•  Empire of Brazil: Grand Cross of the Southern Cross, 1873

• 🇩🇰 Denmark: Knight of the Elephant, 7 October 1883

•  German Empire:

• * Knight of the Black Eagle, 10 September 1883

• * Grand Cross of the Red Eagle

• *   Ernestine duchies: Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, 1884

• * Hesse and by Rhine: Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order, 24 September 1883

• * Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the White Falcon, 1883

• * undefined: Knight of the Rue Crown, 1883

•  Kingdom of Italy:

• * Knight of the Annunciation, 31 December 1873

• * Grand Cross of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, 31 December 1873

• * Grand Cross of the Crown of Italy, 31 December 1873

• Flag of the Papal States (1825-1870).svg Holy See: Grand Cross of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem

•  Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion

•  Empire of Japan: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum, 5 June 1897

•  Kingdom of Romania: Grand Cross of the Order of Carol I, with Collar, 1906

•  Siam: Knight of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri, 23 October 1897

• 🇪🇸 Kingdom of Spain:

• * Knight of the Golden Fleece, 11 December 1866

• * Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III, with Collar, 12 December 1902

• 🇸🇪 🇳🇴 Sweden-Norway:

• * Knight of the Seraphim, 23 May 1873

• * Grand Cross of St. Olav, 11 October 1883

•  undefined:

• * Stranger Knight Companion of the Garter, 9 November 1895

• * Recipient of the Royal Victorian Chain, 19 November 1902

•  Russian Empire:

• * Knight of St. Andrew

• * Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky

• * Knight of the White Eagle

• * Knight of St. Anna, 1st Class

• * Knight of St. Stanislaus, 1st Class

General references

 * Jean Pailler: D. Carlos I – Rei de Portugal: Destino Maldito de um Rei Sacrificado. Bertrand, Lisbon, 2001, ISBN 978-972-25-1231-2
 * Jean Pailler: Maria Pia: A Mulher que Queria Ser Rainha de Portugal. Bertrand, Lisbon, 2006, ISBN 972-25-1467-9
 * Manuel Amaral: Portugal – Dicionário Histórico, Corográfico, Heráldico, Biográfico, Bibliográfico, Numismático e Artístico, Volume II, 1904–1915, págs. 759
 * Rui Ramos: D. Carlos, Temas e Debates, Lisbon, 2007.
 * New York Times: 2 February 1908 Issue https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1908/02/02/issue.html