Chemical test

In chemistry, a chemical test is a qualitative or quantitative procedure designed to identify, quantify, or characterise a chemical compound or chemical group.

Purposes
Chemical testing might have a variety of purposes, such as to:
 * Determine if, or verify that, the requirements of a specification, regulation, or contract are met
 * Decide if a new product development program is on track: Demonstrate proof of concept
 * Demonstrate the utility of a proposed patent
 * Determine the interactions of a sample with other known substances
 * Determine the composition of a sample
 * Provide standard data for other scientific, medical, and Quality assurance functions
 * Validate suitability for end-use
 * Provide a basis for Technical communication
 * Provide a technical means of comparison of several options
 * Provide evidence in legal proceedings

Biochemical tests

 * Clinistrips quantitatively test for sugar in urine
 * The Kastle-Meyer test tests for the presence of hemoglobin
 * Salicylate testing is a category of drug testing that is focused on detecting salicylates such as acetylsalicylic acid for either biochemical or medical purposes.
 * The Phadebas test tests for the presence of saliva for forensic purposes
 * Iodine solution tests for starch
 * The Van Slyke determination tests for specific amino acids
 * The Zimmermann test tests for ketosteroids
 * Seliwanoff's test differentiates between aldose and ketose sugars
 * Test for lipids: add ethanol to sample, then shake; add water to the solution, and shake again. If fat is present, the product turns milky white.
 * The Sakaguchi test detects the presence of arginine in protein
 * The Hopkins–Cole reaction tests for the presence of tryptophan in proteins
 * The nitroprusside reaction tests for the presence of free thiol groups of cysteine in proteins
 * The Sullivan reaction tests for the presence of cysteine and cystine in proteins
 * The Acree–Rosenheim reaction tests for the presence of tryptophan in proteins
 * The Pauly reaction tests for the presence of tyrosine or histidine in proteins
 * Heller's test tests for the presence of albumin in urine
 * Gmelin's test tests for the presence of bile pigments in urine
 * Hay's test tests for the presence of bile pigments in urine

Reducing sugars

 * Barfoed's test tests for reducing polysaccharides or disaccharides
 * Benedict's reagent tests for reducing sugars or aldehydes
 * Fehling's solution tests for reducing sugars or aldehydes, similar to Benedict's reagent
 * Molisch's test tests for carbohydrates
 * Nylander's test tests for reducing sugars
 * Rapid furfural test distinguishes between glucose and fructose

Proteins and polypeptides

 * The bicinchoninic acid assay tests for proteins
 * The Biuret test tests for proteins and polypeptides
 * Bradford protein assay measures protein quantitatively
 * The Phadebas amylase test determines alpha-amylase activity

Organic tests

 * The carbylamine reaction tests for primary amines
 * The esterification reaction tests for the presence of alcohol and/or carboxylic acids
 * The Griess test tests for organic nitrite compounds
 * The 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine tests for carbonyl compounds
 * The iodoform reaction tests for the presence of methyl ketones, or compounds which can be oxidized to methyl ketones
 * The Schiff test detects aldehydes
 * Tollens' reagent tests for aldehydes (known as the silver mirror test)
 * The Zeisel determination tests for the presence of esters or ethers
 * Lucas' reagent is used to distinguish between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols.
 * The bromine test is used to test for the presence of unsaturation and phenols.

Inorganic tests

 * Barium chloride tests for sulfates
 * Acidified silver nitrate solution tests for halide ions
 * The Beilstein test tests for halides qualitatively
 * The bead test tests for certain metals
 * The Carius halogen method measures halides quantitatively.
 * Chemical tests for cyanide test for the presence of cyanide, CN−
 * Copper sulfate tests for the presence of water
 * Flame tests test for metals
 * The Gilman test tests for the presence of a Grignard reagent
 * The Kjeldahl method quantitatively determines the presence of nitrogen
 * Nessler's reagent tests for the presence of ammonia
 * Ninhydrin tests for ammonia or primary amines
 * Phosphate tests test for phosphate
 * The sodium fusion test tests for the presence of nitrogen, sulfur, and halides in a sample
 * The Zerewitinoff determination tests for any acidic hydrogen
 * The Oddy test tests for acid, aldehydes, and sulfides
 * Gunzberg's test tests for the presence of hydrochloric acid
 * Kelling's test tests for the presence of lactic acid