Chronograph of 354



The Chronograph, Chronography, or Calendar of 354 is a compilation of chronological and calendrical texts produced in 354 AD for a wealthy Roman Christian named Valentinus by the calligrapher and illustrator Furius Dionysius Filocalus. The original illustrated manuscript is lost, but several copies have survived. It is the earliest known codex to have had full page illustrations. The name Calendar of Filocalus or Filocalian Calendar is sometimes used to describe the whole collection, and sometimes just the sixth part, which is the Calendar itself. Other versions of the names ("Philocalus", "Philocalian", "Codex-Calendar of 354", &c.) are occasionally used. The text and illustrations are available online.

Amongst other historically significant information, the work contains the earliest reference to the celebration of Christmas as an annual holiday or feast, on December 25, although unique historical dates had been mentioned much earlier by Hippolytus of Rome during 202–211.

Transmission from antiquity
The original volume has not survived, but it is thought that it still existed in Carolingian times, by the 8th–9th centuries. A number of copies were made at that time, with and without illustrations, which in turn were copied during the Renaissance.

The most complete and faithful copies of the illustrations are the pen drawings in a 17th-century manuscript from the Barberini collection (Vatican Library, cod. Barberini lat. 2154). This was carefully copied, under the supervision of the great antiquary Nicholas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc, from a Carolingian copy, a Codex Luxemburgensis, which was itself lost in the 17th century. These drawings, although they are twice removed from the originals, show the variety of sources that the earliest illuminators used as models for manuscript illustration, including metalwork, frescoes, and floor mosaics. The Roman originals were probably fully painted miniatures.

Various partial copies or adaptations survive from the Carolingian Renaissance and Renaissance periods. Botticelli adapted a figure of the city of Treberis (Trier) who grasps a bound barbarian by the hair for his painting, traditionally called Pallas and the Centaur.

The Vatican Barberini manuscript, made in 1620 for Peiresc, who had the Carolingian Codex Luxemburgensis on long-term loan, is clearly the most faithful. After Peiresc's death in 1637 the manuscript disappeared. However some folios had already been lost from the Codex Luxemburgensis before Peiresc received it, and other copies have some of these. The suggestion of Carl Nordenfalk that the Codex Luxemburgensis copied by Peiresc was actually the Roman original has not been accepted. Peiresc himself thought the manuscript was seven or eight hundred years old when he had it, and, though Mabillon had not yet published his De re diplomatica (1681), the first systematic work of paleography, most scholars, following Meyer Schapiro, believe Peiresc would have been able to make a correct judgement on its age. For a full list of manuscripts with copies after the originals, see the external link.

Contents
Furius Dionysius Filocalus was the leading scribe or calligrapher of the period, and possibly also executed the original miniatures. His name is on the dedication page. He was also a Christian, living in a moment that lay on the cusp between a pagan and a Christian Roman Empire.

The Chronography, like all Roman calendars, is as much an almanac as a calendar; it includes various texts and lists, including elegant allegorical depictions of the months. It also includes the important Liberian Catalogue, a list of Popes, and the Calendar of Filocalus, from which copies of eleven miniatures survive. Among other information, it contains the earliest reference to Christmas (see Part 12 below) and the dates of Roman Games, with their number of chariot-races.

The contents are as follows (from the Barberini Ms. unless stated). All surviving miniatures are full-page, often combined with some text in various ways:


 * Part 1: title page and dedication - 1 miniature
 * Part 2: images of the personifications of the cities of Rome, Alexandria, Constantinople and Trier - 4 miniatures
 * Part 3: images of the emperors and the birthdays of the Caesars - 2 miniatures
 * Part 4: images of the seven planets with a calendar of the hours - 5 surviving miniatures. Copies of the emblematic drawings appear in a Carolingian text that portrays Mercury and Venus in heliocentric orbits.
 * Part 5: the signs of the Zodiac – no miniatures surviving in this manuscript; four in other copies
 * Part 6: the Philocalian calendar – seven miniatures of personifications of the Months in this MS; the full set appears in other copies On December 25: "$\overline{N}$·INVICTI·$\overline{CM}$·XXX" – "Birthday of the unconquered, games ordered, thirty races" – is the oldest literary reference to the pagan feast of Sol Invictus
 * Part 7: consular portraits of the emperors – 2 miniatures (the last in the MS)
 * Part 8: list (fasti) of the Roman consuls to AD 354 At AD 1: "Hoc cons. dominus Iesus Christus natus est VIII kal. Ian. d. Ven. luna xv." – "When these [Caesare and Paulo] were consuls, Lord Jesus Christ was born 8 days before the kalends of January [December 25] on the day of Venus Moon 15" – is a historical reference
 * Part 9: the dates of Easter from AD 312 to 411
 * Part 10: list of the prefects of the city of Rome from 254 to 354 AD
 * Part 11: commemoration dates of past popes from AD 255 to 352
 * Part 12: commemoration dates of the martyrs Line 1: "VIII kal. Ian. natus Christus in Betleem Iudeae" – "Eighth day before the kalends of January [December 25] Birth of Christ in Bethlehem of Judea" – is the oldest reference to Jesus' birth as an annual feast day
 * Part 13: bishops of Rome, the Liberian Catalogue
 * Part 14: The 14 regions of the City [of Rome]
 * Part 15: Chronicle of the Bible
 * Part 16: Chronicle of the City of Rome (a list of rulers with short comments)

Chronology of Rome
Kings of Rome [753–509 BC]


 * 1) Romulus son of Mars and Ilia reigned for 38 years... with Titus Tatius for 5 years.
 * 2) Numa Pompilius reigned for 41 years
 * 3) Tullus Hostilius reigned 32 years
 * 4) Marius Phillipus reigned for 36 years
 * 5) L. Tarquinius Priscus reigned 28 years
 * 6) Servius Tullius reigned 46 years
 * 7) Tarquinius Superbus reigned 25 years

The Dictators:


 * 1) Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus
 * 2) [Quintus] Fabius Maximus
 * 3) Apulius Claudius [Caecus]
 * 4) [Publius] Valerius P[o]blicola
 * 5) [Lucius Cornelius] Sulla Felix
 * 6) [Publius Cornelius Scipio] Barbatus
 * 7) [Lucius Quinctius] Cincinnatus
 * 8) Quintus Fabius (?)
 * 9) [Marcus] Lu[v]ius Salinator
 * 10) [Gaius] Iu[n]ius Brutus

Rulership of the Caesars [48 BC–AD 324]


 * 1) C. Julius Caesar ruled 3 years, 7 months, 6 days.
 * 2) Octavian Augustus ruled 56 years, 4 months, 1 day.
 * 3) Tiberius Caesar ruled 22 years, 7 months, 28 days.
 * 4) C. Gallicula ruled 3 years, 8 months, 12 days.
 * 5) Tiberius Claudius ruled 13 years, 8 months, 27 days.
 * 6) Nero ruled 14 years, 5 months, 28 days.
 * 7) Galba ruled 8 months and 12 days
 * 8) Otho ruled 90 days
 * 9) Vitellius ruled 8 months and 11 days.
 * 10) The deified Vespasian ruled 12 years, 8 months, 28 days.
 * 11) The deified Titus ruled ...
 * 12) Domitian ruled 17 years, 5 months, 5 days
 * 13) Nerva ruled 5 years, 4 months, 1 days.
 * 14) Trajan ruled 19 years, 4 months, 27 days
 * 15) Hadrian ruled 20 years, 10 months, 14 days.
 * 16) Antoninus Pius ruled 22 years, 8 months, 28 days
 * 17) The deified Verus ruled 7 years, 8 months, 12 days
 * 18) Marcus Antoninus ruled 18 years, 11 months, 14 days
 * 19) Commodus ruled 16 years, 8 months, 12 days
 * 20) Pertinax ruled 75 days
 * 21) Julianus ruled 65 days
 * 22) The deified Severus ruled 17 years, 11 months, 28 days
 * 23) Geta ruled 10 months and 12 days
 * 24) Antoninus [Caracalla] the Great ruled 6 years, 2 months, 15 days
 * 25) Macrinus rule 1 year, 4 months, 2 days
 * 26) Antoninus Elagaballus ruled 6 years, 8 months, 18 days
 * 27) Alexander ruled 13 years, 8 months and 9 days
 * 28) Maximinus ruled 3 years, 4 months and 2 days
 * 29) The two Gordians ruled for 20 days
 * 30) Pupienus and Balbinus ruled 99 days
 * 31) Gordian [III] ruled 5 years, 5 months and 5 days
 * 32) The two Philips ruled 5 years, 5 months and 29 days
 * 33) Decius ruled 1 year, 11 months and 18 days
 * 34) Gallus and Volusianus ruled 2 years, 4 months and 9 days
 * 35) Aemilianus ruled 88 days
 * 36) Gallienus with Valerian ruled 14 years, 4 months and 28 days
 * 37) Claudius ruled 1 year, 4 months and 14 days
 * 38) Quintillus ruled 77 days
 * 39) Aurelian ruled 5 years, 4 months and 20 days
 * 40) Tacitus ruled 8 months, 12 days
 * 41) Florian ruled 88 days
 * 42) Probus ruled 6 years, 2 months, 12 days
 * 43) Carus ruled 10 months and 5 days
 * 44) Carinus and Numerian ruled 2 years, 11 months, 2 days
 * 45) Diocletian and Maximian ruled 21 years, 11 months, 12 days
 * 46) Constantius and Maximian ruled 16 years, 8 months and 12 days
 * 47) Severus ruled 3 years, 4 months and 15 days
 * 48) Maxentius ruled 6 years
 * 49) Maximian ruled 9 years, 8 months, 6 days.
 * 50) Licinius ruled 15 years, 4 months, 16 days