Clinch Mountain

Clinch Mountain is a mountain ridge in the U.S. states of Tennessee and Virginia, lying in the ridge-and-valley section of the Appalachian Mountains. From its southern terminus at Kitts Point, which lies at the intersection of Knox, Union and Grainger counties near Blaine, Tennessee, it runs in a generally east-northeasterly direction to Garden Mountain near Burke's Garden, Virginia. It separates the Clinch River basin to the north and the Holston River basin to the south.

Geography
Clinch Mountain is a long ridge, about 150 mi in length, and because of its size it is sometimes called a mountain range or complex. It runs generally southwest-northeast, with numerous curves. Its north-south extent is 97 mi, and its east-west extent is 172 mi. The ridge includes the sub-range of Knob Mountain, as well as four summits above 4,000 feet (Beartown Mountain, Flattop Mountain, Morris Knob, and Chimney Rock Peak).

For its entire length, Clinch Mountain has only one true gap through which the ridge is completely sliced in half and continues as Clinch Mountain on either side, divided by Big Moccasin Creek. It is named Moccasin Gap and runs between Weber City and Gate City, Virginia. The Norfolk Southern Railway and U.S. Highways 23-58-421 utilize that gap because there is no elevation in the division of the mountain. When U.S. Highway 25E was realigned into a four-lane highway northwest of Bean Station, Tennessee, in the 1980s, it was necessary to cut a new gap into the top of Clinch Mountain, which lowered the original gap elevation by 200 feet. That realignment, along with the lowering of Interstate 26-U.S. Highway 23 at Sams Gap on the Tennessee-North Carolina border, are the only instances of a highway gap in Tennessee actually lowering an original gap where a state or federal highway was built through. (Sams Gap was lowered by 150 feet to accommodate Interstate 26).

History
Clinch Mountain is named after the Clinch River, which was named after an 18th-century explorer. The earliest known reference to the name is in the 18th-century journal of Thomas Walker: "Clinch's River, from one Clinch a hunter." The Wilderness Road to the Cumberland Gap crossed Clinch Mountain at Moccasin Gap.

Signal Point peak situated near Kitts Point, the southern terminus of Clinch Mountain, was used to signal troops during the Civil War. The mountains along the Clinch Mountain ridge played an important role in the Battle of Bean's Station.

The mountains in Grainger County, Tennessee, had prominence in the late 19th century when the mineral springs in the area drew notable visitors from around the globe. Tate Springs, as the town and resort were named, included a hotel, golf course and mineral baths. The seasonal resort even had its own spur on the railroad, so visitors could easily make the trip from all over the country. Notable guests included the Fords, Studebakers, Mellons, Firestones and Rockefellers. Because of a devastating fire and the Great Depression, only a few buildings survive today.

In the 1970s through the 1980s, plans for a 75-mile-long hiking trail system known as the Trail of the Lonesome Pine were proposed to run along the ridgeline of Clinch Mountain from the Tennessee-Virginia state line in Hancock County to its terminus in Grainger County. The plans were met with extreme opposition from unwilling property owners, particularly those from Grainger County, as the project would be nearly complete in the Hawkins and Hancock portions of the trail system. With the unwillingness from Grainger County property owners, the trail system would be abandoned all-together in 1981 despite the completion of construction outside of Grainger County.

In popular culture
"Way Up on Clinch Mountain," a folk song based on a 17th-century Scottish ballad, was recorded by Woody Guthrie as "Rye Whiskey," and is included in Carl Sandburg's American Songbag. The song is credited by him with inspiring the legion of "Bang Bang Lulu" variants. The Carter Family immortalized the American mountain in their 1928 "My Clinch Mountain Home." A fiddle tune called "Clinch Mountain Backstep" (attributed to Ralph Stanley) is in the Appalachian folk repertoire.

Liberty University in Lynchburg, Virginia, produced an original work in 2018 based on several individuals and families from this area. Bloodroot: The Ballad of Clinch Mountain, was created by the Women's Writing Project at Liberty. The play is based on actual events ranging from the 18th to the 20th century. Characters include Mary Draper Ingles, Orelena Hawks Puckett, the Carter family, and several others of note.

Crossings
The following crossings of Clinch Mountain can be made, from southwest to northeast:
 * Tennessee
 * Joppa Mountain Road connects Joppa and Powder Springs via Powder Spring Gap.


 * U.S. Route 25E (State Route 32) connects Tazewell and Bean Station via Bean Gap.
 * State Route 31 connects Spruce Pine and Treadway via Flat Gap.
 * State Route 66 connects Rogersville and Sneedville via Big War Gap.
 * State Route 70 connects Alumwell and Eidson via Little War Gap.
 * Virginia
 * The CSX Kingsport Subdivision connects Kermit and Speers Ferry via the Clinch Mountain Tunnel.
 * U.S. Route 23/U.S. Route 58/U.S. Route 421 and the Norfolk Southern Railway Appalachia Division connect Weber City and Gate City via Moccasin Gap.
 * State Route 612 connects Mendota and Collinwood via Fugate Gap.
 * U.S. Route 19/U.S. Route 58 Alternate connects Holston and Hansonville via Little Moccasin Gap.
 * State Route 80 connects the settlement of Hayters Gap and Rockdell via Hayters Gap.
 * State Route 91 connects Tannersville and Maiden Spring via two-way mountain crossing in Tazewell County, Virginia.
 * State Route 16 connects Asberrys and Benbow via Back of the Dragon Clinch Mountain Crossing in Tazewell County, Virginia.