Coastal defence ship



Coastal defence ships (sometimes called coastal battleships or coast defence ships) were warships built for the purpose of coastal defence, mostly during the period from 1860 to 1920. They were small, often cruiser-sized warships that sacrificed speed and range for armour and armament. They were usually attractive to nations that either could not afford full-sized battleships or could be satisfied by specially designed shallow-draft vessels capable of littoral operations close to their own shores. The Nordic countries and Thailand found them particularly appropriate for their island-dotted coastal waters. Some vessels had limited blue-water capabilities; others operated in rivers.

The coastal defence ships differed from earlier monitors by having a higher freeboard and usually possessing both higher speed and a secondary armament; some examples also mounted casemated guns (monitors' guns were almost always in turrets). They varied in size from around 1,500 tons to 8,000 tons.

Their construction and appearance was often that of miniaturized pre-dreadnought battleships. As such, they carried heavier armour than cruisers or gunboats of equivalent size, were typically equipped with a main armament of two or four heavy and several lighter guns in turrets or casemates, and could steam at a higher speed than most monitors. In service they were mainly used as movable coastal artillery rather than instruments of sea control or fleet engagements like the battleships operated by blue-water navies. Few of these ships saw combat in the First World War, though some did in the Second World War. The last were scrapped in the 1970s.

Navies with coastal defence ships serving as their main capital ships included those of Denmark, Ecuador, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Thailand, and the British colonies of India and Victoria. Some nations which at one time or another built, bought, or otherwise acquired their own front-line capital ships, such as Argentina, Austria-Hungary, Brazil, China, Germany, Russia, and Spain, also deployed this type of warship, with Russia using three at the Battle of Tsushima in 1905.

Apart from specially built coastal defence ships, some navies used various obsolescent ships in this role. The Royal Navy deployed four Majestic-class battleships as guardships in the Humber at the start of the First World War. Similarly, the U.S. Navy redesignated the Indiana-class battleship and USS Iowa (BB-4) classes as "Coast Defense Battleships" in 1919. Such ships tended to be near the end of their service lives and while generally considered no longer fit for front-line service, they were still powerful enough for defensive duties in reserve situations.

Categorization
This type of vessel has always been categorized differently by different countries, due to treaties, differences in judgments related to design or intended roles, and also national pride. In the United Kingdom the Scandinavian ships were known as "coast defence ships". The Germans called these ships Küstenpanzerschiff ("coastal armoured ship"). The Danes referred to their ships as Kystforsvarsskib ("coast defence ship") and Panserskib ("armoured ship"). In Norway they were referred to as panserskip ("armoured ship"). The Dutch called their ships Kruiser ("cruiser"), Pantserschip ("armoured ship") or Slagschip ("battleship"). The Swedish term for these ships was initially 1:a klass Pansarbåt ("1st class armoured boat") and later Pansarskepp ("armoured ship"). Note however, that the German Panzerschiffen of the Deutschland class were not designed as coastal defense ships but as high seas raiders.

As an example of the profusion of terms and classifications which often contradicted each other, the 1938 edition of Jane's Fighting Ships lists the Swedish Pansarskepps of the Sverige class as battleships.

Swedish Pansarskepp
The Swedish Pansarskepp were an outgrowth of the earlier Swedish adoption of the monitor and were used for similar duties.

Technical details
The Pansarskepp or Pansarbåt, with the notable exception of the Sverige-class coastal defence ship, were relatively small vessels with limited speed, shallow draft, and very heavy guns relative to the displacement. They were designed for close in-shore work in the littoral zone of Scandinavia, and other countries with shallow coastal waters. The aim was to outgun any ocean-going warship of the same draft by a significant margin, making it a very dangerous opponent for a cruiser, and deadly to anything smaller. The limitations in speed and seaworthiness were a trade-off for the heavy armament carried. Vessels similar to the Swedish Pansarskepp were also built and operated by Denmark, Norway, and Finland, all of which had similar naval requirements.

Effectiveness
The Sverige-class ships differed in several ways from the classical coastal defence ship, having heavier armament as well as better speed and armor (while still being small enough to operate and hide in the archipelagos and shallow waters off Sweden). The main difference was to be noted in their tactical doctrine and operations. Unlike other coastal defence ships the Sverige class formed the core of a traditional open-sea battle group (Coastal Fleet), operating with cruisers, destroyers, torpedo boats, and air reconnaissance in conformance with traditional battleship tactics of the time.

This “mini-battle group” had no intention of challenging the great power navies in blue-water battles, but rather were to operate as a defensive shield to aggression challenging Swedish interests and territory. Based on the doctrine that one needs a battle group to challenge other battle groups, this force intended to form a problematic obstacle in the confined and shallow Baltic and Kattegat theatre, where traditional large warships would be limited to very predictable moving patterns exposing them to submarines, fast torpedo craft, and minefields. It has been suggested that the Sverige-class ships were one reason why Germany did not invade Sweden during World War II. Such speculation appeared in Warship Magazine Annual 1992 in the article "The Sverige Class Coastal Defence Ships," by Daniel G. Harris. This could be said to have been partly confirmed in the post war publication of German tactical orders, and of scenarios regarding attacking Sweden. The problems of maintaining an army in Sweden without sea superiority were emphasized, and the lack of available suitable units to face the Swedish navy was pointed out (“Stations for battle”, Insulander/Olsson, 2001). Summarizing the question of effectiveness for the Sverige class, it is likely that despite a good armament they would have been too small, slow, and cramped (from both a habitability and essential ship's stores standpoint), along with having insufficient range, to perform adequately against any traditional battlecruiser or battleship in a blue-water scenario; however, if correctly used in their home waters and in a defensive situation, they would probably have presented a major challenge for any aggressor.

Dutch Pantserschepen
The Dutch used their armoured ships mainly to defend their interests overseas, in particular their colonial possessions in the West Indies (the islands of the Netherlands Antilles) and the East Indies (primarily, modern Indonesia). For this reason the ships had to be capable of long-range cruising, providing artillery support during amphibious operations, and carrying the troops and equipment needed in these operations. At the same time, these ships had to be armed and armoured well enough to face contemporary armoured cruisers of the Imperial Japanese Navy (the Netherlands' most likely enemy in the Pacific), and as such they were expected to act as mini-battleships rather than strictly as coastal defence vessels.

The last Dutch pantserschip, HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën, was built in 1909 as a stop-gap measure while the Dutch Admiralty and government contemplated an ambitious fleet plan comprising a number of dreadnought battleships. This ambition was never realized due to the outbreak of the First World War. The Second World War put an end to a similar project to obtain fast capital ships in the late 1930s with German assistance.

Prior to the Second World War, the Dutch had relegated all the surviving pantserschepen to secondary duties. The Axis powers, who seized some of the ships following the conquest of the Netherlands, converted several of those ships to serve as floating anti-aircraft batteries and subsequently utilized some as block ships.

Operators
The navies of the following countries have operated coastal defence ships at some point in time.



Argentina

 * El Plata-class monitor (1874)
 * El Plata
 * Los Andes
 * Libertad-class battleship (1890)
 * Independencia
 * Libertad

Austria-Hungary

 * Monarch-class coastal defense ship (1895)
 * SMS Monarch
 * SMS Wien
 * SMS Budapest

Brazil

 * BRAZILIAN IRONCLAD Barroso
 * BRAZILIAN IRONCLAD Brasil
 * BRAZILIAN IRONCLAD Lima Barros
 * BRAZILIAN IRONCLAD Rio de Janeiro
 * BRAZILIAN MONITOR Bahia
 * BRAZILIAN IRONCLAD Silvado
 * Mariz e Barros-class ironclad (1866)
 * BRAZILIAN IRONCLAD Mariz e Barros
 * BRAZILIAN IRONCLAD Herval
 * Cabral-class ironclad (1866)
 * BRAZILIAN IRONCLAD Cabral
 * BRAZILIAN IRONCLAD Colombo
 * BRAZILIAN IRONCLAD Sete de Setembro (1874)
 * Javary-class monitor (1874)
 * BRAZILIAN MONITOR Javary
 * BRAZILIAN MONITOR Solimões
 * Marshal Deodoro-class coastal defence ship (1898)
 * BRAZILIAN COASTAL DEFENSE SHIP Deodoro - Sold to Mexico in 1924 as Anáhuac
 * BRAZILIAN COASTAL DEFENSE SHIP Floriano

China

 * CHINESE GUNBOAT Pingyuan (1888)

Denmark

 * Helgoland
 * Iver Hvitfeldt
 * Skjold
 * Herluf Trolle-class coastal defence ship (1899)
 * Herluf Trolle
 * Olfert Fischer
 * Peder Skram
 * Niels Juel

Finland

 * Väinämöinen-class coastal defense ship Panssarilaiva ships (1931)
 * FINNISH COASTAL DEFENCE SHIP Ilmarinen
 * FINNISH COASTAL DEFENCE SHIP Väinämöinen - transferred to Soviet Union as a reparations ship in 1947, served in Soviet Navy until 1966.

France

 * FRENCH IRONCLAD Taureau
 * Onondaga
 * Cerbère-class ironclad
 * FRENCH IRONCLAD Bélier
 * FRENCH IRONCLAD Bouledogue
 * FRENCH IRONCLAD Cerbère
 * FRENCH IRONCLAD Tigre
 * Tonnerre-class ironclad
 * FRENCH IRONCLAD Tonnerre
 * FRENCH IRONCLAD Fulminant
 * Tempête-class ironclad
 * FRENCH IRONCLAD Tempête
 * FRENCH IRONCLAD Vengeur
 * FRENCH IRONCLAD Tonnant
 * FRENCH IRONCLAD Furieux
 * Valmy-class ironclad 6,476 tons.
 * FRENCH IRONCLAD Jemmapes (1892) – hulked 1911.
 * FRENCH IRONCLAD Valmy (1892) – stricken 1911.
 * Bouvines-class ironclad 6,681 tons.
 * FRENCH IRONCLAD Amiral Tréhouart (1893) – stricken 1922.
 * FRENCH IRONCLAD Bouvines (1892) – stricken 1920.
 * FRENCH BATTLESHIP Henri IV

Germany



 * Siegfried-class coastal defense ship (1890)
 * SMS Siegfried
 * SMS Beowulf
 * SMS Frithjof
 * SMS Hagen
 * SMS Heimdall
 * SMS Hildebrand
 * Odin-class coastal defense ship (1896)
 * SMS Odin
 * SMS Ägir

India

 * Cerberus-class monitor (1870)
 * HMS Magdala (1870)
 * HMS Abyssinia (1870) (half-sister to Cerberus & Magdala)

British Colony of Victoria

 * Cerberus-class monitor
 * HMVS Cerberus

Mexico

 * Deodoro-class coastal defense ship (1898)
 * ARM Anáhuac - acquired from Brazil in 1924

The Netherlands

 * Evertsen-class coastal defence ship (1894)
 * HNLMS Evertsen (1894)
 * HNLMS Piet Hein (1894)
 * HNLMS Kortenaer (1894)
 * Koningin Regentes-class coastal defense ship (1900)
 * HNLMS Koningin Regentes
 * HNLMS De Ruyter (1901)
 * HNLMS Hertog Hendrik
 * HNLMS Marten Harpertzoon Tromp
 * HNLMS Jacob Van Heemskerck
 * HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën

Norway

 * Tordenskjold-class coastal defence ship (1897)
 * HNOMS Tordenskjold
 * HNOMS Harald Haarfagre
 * Eidsvold-class coastal defence ship (1899)
 * HNOMS Eidsvold
 * HNOMS Norge
 * Bjørgvin-class coastal defence ship (1914) – Both ships were requisitioned by the Royal Navy during World War I while under construction, completed and served as the monitors HMS Glatton (1914) and HMS Gorgon (1914)
 * HNOMS Bjørgvin
 * HNOMS Nidaros

Russia

 * Uragan-class monitor (1865)
 * Novgorod class (1874) – later reclassified as "Coastal Defence Armour-Clad Ships"
 * RUSSIAN MONITOR Novgorod
 * RUSSIAN MONITOR Vitse-admiral Popov
 * Admiral Ushakov-class coastal defense ship (1895)
 * RUSSIAN COAST DEFENSE SHIP Admiral Ushakov
 * RUSSIAN COAST DEFENSE SHIP Admiral Seniavin
 * RUSSIAN COAST DEFENSE SHIP General Admiral Graf Apraksin - Captured by Japan in 1905, served in Imperial Japanese Navy until 1922.

Sweden

 * Svea-class coastal defence ship (1886)
 * HSWMS Svea
 * HSWMS Göta
 * HSWMS Thule (1893)
 * Oden-class coastal defence ship (1896)
 * HSWMS Oden
 * HSWMS Thor (1898)
 * HSWMS Niord
 * HSWMS Dristigheten (1900)
 * Äran-class coastal defence ship (1902)
 * HSWMS Äran
 * HSWMS Wasa (1901)
 * HSWMS Tapperheten (1901)
 * HSWMS Manligheten
 * Oscar II (1905)
 * Sverige-class coastal defence ship (1917)
 * HSWMS Sverige
 * HSWMS Gustav V
 * HSWMS Drottning Victoria

Thailand

 * Rattanakosindra-class gunboat
 * Ratanakosin
 * Sukhothai
 * Thonburi-class coastal defence ship (1938)
 * HTMS Sri Ayudhya
 * HTMS Thonburi