Coatetelco archaeological site

Coatetelco or Cuatetelco is a pre-Hispanic archaeological site located next to the Coatetelco Lagoon, two kilometers from Alpuyeca, in the Miacatlán municipality, Morelos, Mexico, near Xochicalco. It had its greatest development between 500 and 150 BCE.

Name
Coatetelco means "place of snakes' mounds" or "place where there are erected mounds in honor of snakes". However, there are alternate spellings of the name that would carry a different meaning:


 * Cuatetelco - Náhuatl language: cuahuitl = tree, branch, wood; tetelli = mound, bunch; cotl, co = place of. The whole means "mound place between trees" or "tree place on a mound".
 * Cuahtetelco - coatl = snake; tetl = stone; co, cotl = place of. The whole means "place of the stone snake".
 * Quahtetelco, the Tlahuica glyph, has a tree (Nahuatl: quahuitl) over a pyramid (Nahuatl: tetelli). As above, the word "co" is "place of ...". (Cuahtetelco Museum, Official Guide, Sep. 13, 1978. Pág. 5 p. 1-2).
 * Cuauhtetelco.

Background
At the end of the Pleistocene, the region was inhabited by people who lived in rocky shelters and had a diet based on hunting, gathering and fishing.

During the Early Formative or Preclassical period, people lived in small villages with less than 100 inhabitants and developed farm lands near the rivers. They produced ceramics similar to those of the Basin of Mexico and the first clay figurines were also made.

In the Mid-Preclassical period (900–500 BCE), villages were concentrated on the banks of the Chalma River, and the inhabitants practiced farming. The ceramics had strong local features, although there was some similarity to ceramics from the Basin of Mexico.

History
Evidence from excavations show that there was human occupation at Coatetelco since the epoch of the Teotihuacan influence (450-600 BCE) even though the remaining structures are from the Late Postclassical (1350–1521), mainly in the Mexica epoch. Buildings had four construction stages.

The Coatetelco peak took place in the Late Preclassical period (500–150 BCE). At that time the communities had 250 to 500 inhabitants.

When Xochicalco declined around 1000 CE, Miacatlán became the leading center in the region. Subsequent history can be rebuilt based on written documents and codices.

Site
Coatetelco was a medium-sized urban site. The central part of the city has been excavated and restored, including a ballgame court, a small pyramid-temple, and several other structures, clustered around a public square. There is a small site museum.

Coatetelco was excavated in the 1970s by archaeologist Raúl Arana, who supervised reconstruction of the architecture. Several minor excavations have been done since that time to keep the site in good condition. Ceramics from Arana’s excavations are described in a monograph. (Smith 2002, s.f.)

The architectural complex consists of pyramidal bases, platforms, and a ballgame court made with an earth core and covered with carved stones. Some sections still have walls and stairs with stucco remains. The structures are distributed around a square in accordance with the site's topography.

Western platform
The western platform, almost destroyed, had three structures with two stairways with side rafters. At the top of the structure are stucco floor remains and two stone "boxes". Beside the platform is a smaller platform with two steps. Stone cylinder artifacts were discovered here, but their purpose or use is not known.

Ballgame court
The ballgame court is located behind the western platform. Its presence indicates that the place was a ceremonial center, since the ballgame had a religious purpose, as well as recreational and political purposes. Its header is closed: It is oriented north-south. The structure has traces of the stucco. Tzompantli remains were found and are associated with the court.

The ballgame court is relatively small for the game. Excavations under the main stairway of the platform found elite burials with hundreds of funeral offerings, including ceramic vessels, obsidian, jade, and copper-bronze artifacts. They also found a group of basaltic utensils for grinding corn on a metate, carefully arranged to the side of the ballgame court and visible today.

Extension platform
The extension platform is an extension of the ballgame court and the circular basement. It has a circular design and was likely dedicated to Ehécatl, the Wind God.

Eastern platform
The eastern platform has several semidetached buildings that possibly were altars. Its importance as a ceremonial site was confirmed with the finding of collective and individual burial places. Tombs and different kinds of offerings were found in the altar and stairs.

Incense altar
The incense altar was identified by a stone sculpture representing a female character and some clay incense burners that were found during the excavations. The form of these is easily identified in the Mendocino Codex; they resemble big ladles with long handles.

Xipe-Totec platform
The Xipe-Totec platform is the last portion of the semidetached basement. It was given this name because a Xipe-Totec stone sculpture was found in it. This is supported by the association with the circular altar and the presence of a stone called a temalacatl found in the rubble of a 16th-century chapel. This is a sacrificial stone that in the Mexica religion was related to the Xipe-Totec deity. The figure was fragmented (it lacked a head and feet). It is believed that the fracture was due to the Spanish practice of destroying artifacts from the cultures they found.

Cuauhtlitzin temple
The Cuauhtlitzin temple is called the main temple because it is the highest structure. A wide flight of stairs with lateral rafters leads to the top; vestiges of a temple are there. The pyramidal bodies of the basement are built in a slope and stuccoed. At the foot of the stairway is a badly damaged stele.

During the excavations a feminine stone sculpture identified as Cuauhtlitzin was found. The sculpture corresponds to a sculpted head that was hidden inside a carved stone vault.