Cockstock incident

The Cockstock incident was an altercation between indigenous peoples and settlers in the Willamette Valley. It originated as a dispute between Cockstock, a native, and James D. Saules, a free black settler. On 4 March 1844, conflict erupted between Cockstock's party and settlers; with Cockstock and two white settlers dying. The event has been called "the most significant occurrence of violence" in the Oregon Country between indigenous peoples and settlers prior to the Cayuse War.

In the aftermath of the violence, white settlers feared that black settlers could insult local indigenous peoples enough to provoke an uprising. The Cockstock incident influenced the adoption an 1844 black exclusion law that banned black settlers from living in the Oregon Country. Historian Thomas McClintock has written that the connection between the Cockstock incident and the Exclusion Law is "unquestionable".

Background
Cockstock was a Molala man who lived in the Oregon Country during the first half of the 19th century. A relative of his had been flogged by Indian agent Elijah White after breaking into the Wascopam Mission home of missionary Henry K. W. Perkins. This incident frustrated Cockstock. He began to advocate against Elijah White's laws on matters of criminal justice and land ownership being imposed on indigenous societies.

In 1843 Cockstock was employed on Winslow Anderson's farm, a free black settler. A horse was promised as payment for Cockstock's labor. By the end of his contract, however, Anderson had sold the horse to another black settler, James D. Saules. This angered Cockstock, who took the horse and issued threats to both men.

On 17 February 1844, White received a letter from Saules. He wrote that he feared for his life and claimed that Cockstock harassed settlers and had "murdered several Indians lately". The following day, White and a small party of settlers attempted to find Cockstock in the vicinity of the Willamette Falls, but he evaded capture. In consequence, White issued a $100 warrant for his arrest.

Archbishop François N. Blanchet recorded an alternative account told by natives, which stated there was one murder. The victim was a baptized Klickitat man who resided on the Clackamas River. He had mistreated and abused two native slaves, who eventually killed their tormentor. Afterwards the slaves escaped back to their homeland.

Incident
On 4 March 1844, Cockstock returned to Oregon City with several men. He inquired why the settlers had been attempting to capture him. A crowd of settlers started to form. Watching the development, an employee of John McLoughlin reportedly exclaimed "That Indian is a good man, you should not molest him; if you do, you will repent!"

The attempt to capture Cockstock was led by Oregon legislature official George LeBreton. Some of the assembled settlers wanted to "shoot him [Cockstock] at any risk". In the ensuing skirmish, Anderson killed Cockstock by smashing his rifle into the native's skull. Two white settlers, LeBreton and Sterling Rogers, were killed from injuries sustained in the fight.

Aftermath
Three days after the conflict, Rev. Modeste Demers described the sentiment of the Willamette Valley settlers to then Vicar general Blanchet:"The settlers seem to acknowledge they have been too quick, in this unfortunate affair; but the unlucky deed is over; it is a true murder; based upon the extremely rash and unjustifiable action of poor Le Breton who will pay dear for his apostasy and crime."

Many white settlers feared retaliation and the Oregon Rangers was organized on 23 March 1844 in response. The widow of Cockstock was Wasco and her relatives were angry at his death. They argued that he had not gone to Oregon City with violent intent. Over 70 Wascos arrived and demanded compensation. Peace between the settlers and natives was maintained by White, who offering payment of "two blankets, a dress, and [a] handkerchief" to the widow.

On 1 May 1844, White wrote to United States Secretary of War James Madison Porter, citing the Cockstock incident and mentioned Saules:"[Saules] remains in that vicinity with his Indian wife and family, conducting [behaving], as yet, in a quiet manner, but doubtless ought to be transported, together with every other negro, being in our condition dangerous subjects. Until we have some further means of protection their immigration ought to be prohibited. Can this be done?"

1844 exclusion law
In late July 1844 Peter Burnett introduced a statute for the "prevention of slavery in Oregon" in the Legislature of the Provisional Government of Oregon. It forbade both black slavery and the residence of any "free negros and mulattos" in Oregon. Any blacks refusing to leave Oregon were to receive a number of lashes and forcible deportation. The bill was adopted by the legislature, although an amendment was passed in December that removed the physical punishment. Instead, blacks were to be forced back into bondage to work for white settlers, before eventually being deported east to the United States. As the Provisional Government was centered in the Willamette Valley, its authority didn't extend north of the Columbia River. Black and mixed-race people like Saules and George Bush consequently settled in modern Washington state.