Cologne mark

The Cologne Mark was a unit of weight (or mass) equivalent to 233.856 grams (about 3,609 grains). The Cologne mark was in use from the 11th century onward. It came to be used as the base unit for a number of currency standards, including the Lübeck monetary system, which was important in northern Europe in the late Middle Ages, and the coinage systems of the Holy Roman Empire, most significantly the 1754 conventionsthaler, which was defined as $1/undefined$ of a Cologne Mark and replaced the reichsthaler which had been $1/undefined$ of a Cologne mark.

The Mark was defined as half a Cologne Pfund (pound). A Pfund was divided into 16 Unzen (ounces) of 29.23 grams, (about 451 grains). Each Unze was subdivided into 2 Lot, 8 Quentchen, and 32 Pfennig. This ounce was the basis of several other pounds, including in England the Tower pound (12 ounces), the Merchant's pound (15 ounces), and the London pound (16 ounces).

The Cologne pfund (2 marks) should not be confused with the pfund of around 350 grams, 5400 grains, used in the Nuremberg apothecaries' system (Apothekergewicht), and was approximately equal to the old Tower pound (1$1/undefined$ marks). This pfund had 12 unzen, each of which contained 36 Gran, with the Gran equal to 0.812 grams (about 12.53 grains).