Constitution of the Kingdom of Westphalia

The Constitution of the Kingdom of Westphalia was the first constitution in Germany, adopted by the Kingdom of Westphalia in 1807. It was drafted based on the French Constitution of 1804. It served as a model for the constitutions of other states in the Confederation of the Rhine (e.g. the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt). The Constitution was adopted by royal decree and published in the law bulletin on December 7, 1807.

Content
The Constitution outlines the integration of the Kingdom into the Napoleonic order, establishing it as a part of the Confederation of the Rhine (Art. 5), and Jérôme I, brother of Napoleon I, as its first king (Art. 6 et seq.). Moreover, the metric system was instituted (Art. 17), as was the French Civil Code (Art. 45 et seq.).

It consists of thirteen titles and a preamble. The first title establishes the territory of the Kingdom. The second title deals with the Confederation of the Rhine, while the third title deals with the king. The fourth title aims at reforming society and state e.g. by granting equality before the law (Art. 10), reducing the privileges of the nobility (Art. 12) and abolishing serfdom (Art. 13). The fifth title establishes the departments and the sixth title the Council of State as institutions of the executive. Government was based on four ministers, each of which heads a department (Art. 19, 20). Additionally, a Council of State consisting of 16 to 25 persons was created (Art. 21 et seq.). Title seven regulates the estates of the realm. For legislative purposes, the king could convene the estates of the realm (Art. 29 et seq.). Titles eight to ten lay down the administrative structure of the kingdom. Title eleven deals with the judiciary. Title twelve mandates conscription. The last title is dedicated to the process of amending the constitution.

Implementation of the Constitution
The constitutional institutions began to function during the course of 1808 AD. However, the constitutional institutions were partly at odds with their framer's (Napoleon's) intended social reforms. On multiple occasion the estates of the realm, which was dominated by the landed nobility, blocked laws of the governmental reform agenda. The Departmental Colleges, which were tasked with electing the judges of the peace for the Cantons and proposing candidates for the Municipal Councils, were another constitutional body dominated by the formerly privileged nobility.

In order to implement reforms, the Westphalian Government started to bypass some constitutional organs. From 1810 AD onwards, the estates of the realm where not convened and the king started to rule by decree. Neither did he consult the Departmental-Colleges after the first round of appointments in 1808. When Westphalia acquired territories of the former Electorate of Hanover in 1810 AD, it omitted the Colleges in the election processes for the region entirely.

However, the royal government was watching over the observance of the rights of Municipal Councils, which were the lowest of the executive administration officials associate representative body.