Cumana language

Cumana (Kumaná) is a possibly extinct Chapacuran language. Various names ascribed to the language in Campbell (2012) are Torá, Toraz (distinguish Torá language), and Cautario, the last perhaps after the local river, and Abitana-Kumaná (distinguish Abitana dialect).

In addition, there is a Chapacuran language called Kujubim (Kuyubí, Cojubím), which may still be spoken. The endonym, Kaw To Yo (or Kaw Tayó, which means 'eaters of payara fish'), may be the source of the river and language name Cautario. Sources which list one do not list the other, so these may be the same language.

Vocabulary
Conjubim vocabulary from Sampaio & da Silva (2011):


 * {| class="wikitable sortable"

! gloss !! Conjubim
 * ‘I (1sg)’ || pa
 * ‘thou (2sg)’ || ma
 * ‘we (1pl)’ || ti
 * ‘many’ || napa
 * ‘one’ || tan
 * ‘two’ || wakoran
 * ‘big’ || pu
 * ‘small’ || pe
 * ‘woman’ || tana'man
 * ‘man (adult male human)’ || namankon
 * ‘child’ || rato
 * ‘person (individual human)’ || piten
 * ‘bird’ || pune
 * ‘dog’ || kinam
 * ‘louse (lice)’ || piw
 * ‘tree’ || pana
 * ‘seed (n)’ || tukayn
 * ‘leaf (botanics)’ || tan
 * ‘root (botanics)’ || toka ijn pana
 * ‘meat/flesh’ || nawa zip
 * ‘blood (n)’ || wik
 * ‘bone’ || pat
 * ‘egg’ || pariz
 * ‘fat (organic substance)’ || mapum
 * ‘horn’ || tataw
 * ‘tail’ || kipun
 * ‘hair (of head)’ || tunam upek
 * ‘head (anatomic)’ || pupek
 * ‘ear’ || tenetet
 * ‘eye’ || tok
 * ‘nose’ || pul
 * ‘tooth (general)’ || jat
 * ‘tongue (anatomical)’ || kapajak
 * ‘fingernail’ || tupi
 * ‘foot (not leg)’ || tinak
 * ‘knee’ || toko zimtinak
 * ‘hand (not arm)’ || pepeje tipan
 * ‘belly (abdomen, stomach)’ || takawta
 * ‘heart (organ)’ || tuku rutim
 * ‘liver’ || tawan
 * ‘drink (v)’ || tok
 * ‘eat’ || kaw
 * ‘bite (v)’ || kiw
 * ‘ash(es)’ || pop
 * ‘burn (tr. v)’ || pop
 * ‘see (v)’ || kirik
 * ‘hear (v)’ || rapat
 * ‘sleep (v)’ || pupiyn
 * ‘die (v)’ || pinĩ
 * ‘kill (v)’ || puru
 * ‘swim (v)’ || mara kujan
 * ‘fly (v)’ || ze
 * ‘walk (v)’ || wana
 * ‘lie (recline) (v)’ || titim
 * ‘sit (v)’ || pe
 * ‘stand (v)’ || pak
 * ‘give (v)’ || ni
 * ‘sun’ || mapitõ
 * ‘moon’ || panawo
 * ‘star’ || pipojõ
 * ‘water (n)’ || kom
 * ‘rain (n)’ || pipan narikom
 * ‘sand’ || tinak
 * ‘earth (soil, ground)’ || tinak
 * ‘tobacco’ || ju'e
 * ‘fire’ || pite
 * ‘red (colour)’ || siwí
 * ‘white (colour)’ || towa
 * ‘night’ || pisim
 * ‘warm’ || nok
 * ‘cold’ || tiw
 * ‘full’ || pẽpe
 * ‘good’ || nami
 * ‘round’ || pu
 * }
 * ‘belly (abdomen, stomach)’ || takawta
 * ‘heart (organ)’ || tuku rutim
 * ‘liver’ || tawan
 * ‘drink (v)’ || tok
 * ‘eat’ || kaw
 * ‘bite (v)’ || kiw
 * ‘ash(es)’ || pop
 * ‘burn (tr. v)’ || pop
 * ‘see (v)’ || kirik
 * ‘hear (v)’ || rapat
 * ‘sleep (v)’ || pupiyn
 * ‘die (v)’ || pinĩ
 * ‘kill (v)’ || puru
 * ‘swim (v)’ || mara kujan
 * ‘fly (v)’ || ze
 * ‘walk (v)’ || wana
 * ‘lie (recline) (v)’ || titim
 * ‘sit (v)’ || pe
 * ‘stand (v)’ || pak
 * ‘give (v)’ || ni
 * ‘sun’ || mapitõ
 * ‘moon’ || panawo
 * ‘star’ || pipojõ
 * ‘water (n)’ || kom
 * ‘rain (n)’ || pipan narikom
 * ‘sand’ || tinak
 * ‘earth (soil, ground)’ || tinak
 * ‘tobacco’ || ju'e
 * ‘fire’ || pite
 * ‘red (colour)’ || siwí
 * ‘white (colour)’ || towa
 * ‘night’ || pisim
 * ‘warm’ || nok
 * ‘cold’ || tiw
 * ‘full’ || pẽpe
 * ‘good’ || nami
 * ‘round’ || pu
 * }
 * ‘give (v)’ || ni
 * ‘sun’ || mapitõ
 * ‘moon’ || panawo
 * ‘star’ || pipojõ
 * ‘water (n)’ || kom
 * ‘rain (n)’ || pipan narikom
 * ‘sand’ || tinak
 * ‘earth (soil, ground)’ || tinak
 * ‘tobacco’ || ju'e
 * ‘fire’ || pite
 * ‘red (colour)’ || siwí
 * ‘white (colour)’ || towa
 * ‘night’ || pisim
 * ‘warm’ || nok
 * ‘cold’ || tiw
 * ‘full’ || pẽpe
 * ‘good’ || nami
 * ‘round’ || pu
 * }
 * ‘red (colour)’ || siwí
 * ‘white (colour)’ || towa
 * ‘night’ || pisim
 * ‘warm’ || nok
 * ‘cold’ || tiw
 * ‘full’ || pẽpe
 * ‘good’ || nami
 * ‘round’ || pu
 * }
 * ‘cold’ || tiw
 * ‘full’ || pẽpe
 * ‘good’ || nami
 * ‘round’ || pu
 * }
 * ‘round’ || pu
 * }
 * }

A word list with 793 lexical items is also available from Rodrigues Duran (2000).