Custody of the Holy Land

The Custody of the Holy Land (Latin: Custodia Terræ Sanctæ) is a custodian priory of the Order of Friars Minor in Jerusalem, founded as the Province of the Holy Land in 1217 by Saint Francis of Assisi, who had also founded the Franciscan Order in 1209. In 1342, the Franciscans were declared by two papal bulls as the official custodians of the Holy Places in the name of the Catholic Church.

The Custody headquarters are located in the Monastery of Saint Saviour, a 16th-century Franciscan monastery near the New Gate in the Old City of Jerusalem. The office can bestow—only to those entering its office—the Jerusalem Pilgrim's Cross upon deserving Catholic visitors to the city.

The Franciscans trace their presence in the Holy Land to 1217. By 1229, the friars had a small house near the fifth station of the Via Dolorosa and in 1272 were permitted to settle in the Cenacle on Mount Zion. In 1309 they also settled in Bethlehem and the Holy Sepulchre along with the Canons Regular.

After the final fall of the second Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1291, the title of Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem was vested in the Custody ex officio in Rome, while resuming its activities in the Holy Land, including surveilling the accolades of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre 1342–1489 until its Grand Magistry was vested in the papacy. Following the restoration of the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem as residential episcopal see in 1847, the Patriarch henceforth additionally assumed the position of the order's ecclesiastical superior, eventually supplanting the Custody of the Holy land as Grand Prior of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre.

The Custody of the Holy Land has repeatedly expressed concern about the survival of the Christians in the Holy Land, including the strained situation for Christians in the rest of the Middle East. Between 2004 and 2016, the Custodial Curia was led by Custos Fr. Pierbattista Pizzaballa. Since 2016, the chief custodian has been Francesco Patton.

Mission
The mission of the Custody of the Holy Land is to guard "the grace of the Holy Places" of the Holy Land and the rest of the Middle East, "sanctified by the presence of Jesus", as well as pilgrims visiting them, on behalf of the Catholic Church.

History


An online history, The Franciscan Presence in the Holy Land, has been prepared by the Custodian Emeritus (later Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem), Pierbattista Pizzaballa, OFM.

The Franciscan presence in the Holy Land started in 1217, when the province of Syria was established, with Frater (Brother) Elias of Cortona as Minister. By 1229, the friars had a small house near the fifth station of the Via Dolorosa. In 1272 the Sultan Baibars of Egypt permitted the Franciscans to settle in the Cenacle (also called the Upper Room) on Mount Sion. Later on, in 1309, they also settled in Bethlehem and in the Holy Sepulchre, along with the Canons Regular.



During the difficult years of the Great War, many friars belonging to the enemy nations fighting against the Ottomans and Germans were deported. In 1917, when the Italian friars were just about to be sent away, reprieve came in the last minute, which was attributed to the triduum celebrated that year in honour of St Anthony of Padua, a saint venerated for his miracles. Consequently, in 1920, St Anthony was chosen as the patron saint of the Custody.

In 1333, Robert d'Anjou, King of Naples, and his wife, Sancia of Majorca, bought the Cenacle from the Sultan of Egypt and gave it to the Franciscans. In 1342, Pope Clement VI, by the Papal bulls Gratiam agimus and Nuper charissimae declared the Franciscans as the official custodians of the Holy Places in the name of the Catholic Church. A portion reads:

A short time ago good news from the king and queen reached our Apostolic See relating that, at great cost and following difficult negotiations, they had obtained a concession from the Sultan of Babylon [that is, Cairo], who to the intense shame of Christians occupies the Holy Sepulchre of the Lord and the other Holy Places beyond the sea that were sanctified by the blood of this same Redeemer, to wit that friars of your Order may reside continuously in the church known as the Sepulchre and celebrate there Solemn Sung Masses and the Divine Office in the manner of the several friars of this Order who are already present in this place; moreover, this same Sultan has also conceded to the King and Queen the Cenacle of the Lord, the chapel where the Holy Spirit was manifested to the Apostles and the other chapel in which Christ appeared to the Apostles after his resurrection, in the presence of Blessed Thomas; and also the news of how the Queen built a convent on Mount Zion where, as is known, the Cenacle and the said chapels are located; where for some time she has had the intention of supporting twelve friars of your Order to assure the divine Liturgy in the church of the Holy Sepulchre, along with three laymen charged with serving the friars and seeing to their needs.

The Custodian was described as the "Guardian of Mount Zion in Jerusalem". Between 1342 and 1489, the Custodian was the head of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre and held the ex officio title of Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem. From 1374, he was based at the Basilica di San Lorenzo fuori le Mura in Rome.

In 1489, Pope Innocent VIII suppressed the Order of the Holy Sepulchre and ruled that it was to be merged with the Knights Hospitaller. In 1496, Pope Alexander VI, restored the Order of Holy Sepulchre to independent status, but the Custodian ceased to be the head of the Order. Instead, a Grand Master of the Order was created, and the office vested in the papacy. The Custodian continued to act as the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem ex officio until 1830, and by being appointed to both offices until 1905. The office of Grand Master remained vested in the papacy until 1949. On 29 August 2011, Archbishop Edwin Frederick O'Brien was appointed by Pope Benedict XVI Grand Master to succeed Cardinal John Patrick Foley, who resigned the office on 24 February 2011 due to ill health. The Order is a member of many international bodies and has observer status at others (such as the United Nations). The Grand Master is a papal viceroy who assists Vatican diplomacy with procedural support for making motions, proposing amendments and requiring votes in the sphere of international diplomacy.

Franciscan friars cared for the Cenacle, restoring also the building with Gothic vaults, until the Ottoman Empire captured Jerusalem and banished all Christians. After the Franciscan friars' eviction, the Cenacle was transformed into a mosque. Christians were not allowed to use the room for prayer until the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948.

In 1623, the Latin Province of the Holy Land was split into a number of smaller entities, called Custodies – creating Custodies of Cyprus, Syria, and the Holy Land proper. The Custody of the Holy Land included the monasteries of Saint-Jean-d'Acre, Antioch, Sidon, Tyre, Jerusalem and Jaffa.

In 1847, a resident Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem was restored in the Holy Land, together with the Order of the Holy Sepulchre. The Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem became the ecclesiastical superior of the Order, and eventually assumed the title Grand Prior, supplanting the Custodian. The office of Grand Master still remained vested in the papacy.

In 1937, Alberto Gori was appointed Custodian of the Holy Land, an office he would occupy until 1949, when he was appointed Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, an office he held until 1970. In Gori's reports to the Vatican in the 1940s, he was critical of Jewish and later Israeli forces, whom he accused of destruction of holy places. Despite repeated Israeli assurances that Israel will guarantee freedom of religion and safeguard the Holy Places of all religions, Pope Pius XII issued several encyclicals expressing concerns about the holy places as well as access. In 1949, at the time of appointing Gori to the office of Latin Patriarch, Pius XII also relinquished the title of Grand Master.

Organisation


On 15 May 2004, Fr. Pierbattista Pizzaballa was appointed Custodian of the Holy Land, succeeding Giovanni Battistelli, who held the office for six years. On Friday, 28 June 2013, Pope Francis confirmed that he would continue as Custodian for at least a further three years. Pierbattista Pizzaballa was born in Cologno al Serio, Italy, on 21 April 1965. He was ordained a priest in September 1990. Since 2016, the chief custodian has been Francesco Patton.

The Custodian of the Holy Land, also called the International Custodian of the Holy Land, is appointed by the General Definitorium of the Order of Friars Minor (OFM) of the Franciscans and approved by the Pope and the Holy See.

The Custodian has the role of Minister Provincial (i.e. major superior) of the Franciscans living in Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, parts of Egypt, Cyprus and Rhodes. The Custody has about 300 friars and about 100 sisters in these countries. The Franciscans serve the principal Christian shrines, including the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, Basilica of the Nativity in Bethlehem and the Basilica of the Annunciation in Nazareth.

During the later Middle Ages and early modern times the Custody was official provider of hospitality for Latin pilgrims to the Holy Land, i.e. Westerners be they Catholic or Protestant. Such facilities existed primarily at Jaffa and in Jerusalem

Properties in the Holy Land
The Franciscan order owns a great deal of property in the Holy Land, second only to the Orthodox Church of Jerusalem. In addition to the major shrines of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem and the Basilica of the Nativity in Bethlehem, which the Franciscans own and administer in common with the Jerusalem Orthodox and Armenian Orthodox patriarchates, the Custodian also cares for 74 shrines and sanctuaries throughout the Holy Land, including properties in Syria and Jordan.

In 1909, in the territory of the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem, re-instituted in 1847, the Franciscans had 24 convents and 15 parishes, including numerous schools.

The Custodian's offices are at the Monastery of St Saviour, a 16th-century Franciscan monastery near New Gate in the Old City of Jerusalem.

Education
Schools founded by the Franciscan friars include Terra Santa College in Nicosia, Cyprus and Magnificat Institute in Jerusalem.

Media centre
The Custody has a communications department in charge of the official media in the Holy Land, which is based at the Terra Sancta College in Jerusalem and includes a multimedia centre broadcasting news programmes in different languages, and the editorial office of the Christian Media Center and of the French-language Terre Sainte Magazine.

(La) Terre Sainte/Terra Santa is a magazine first published by the Franciscan Printing Press under the supervision of Custos Diotallevi in 1921 in Italian, French and Spanish and since then in several other languages, such as English as The Holy Land Review since 1975. The Holy Land Review and the content of the TerraSanta.net platform are not officially published by the Custody and do not necessarily express its viewpoint.

Printing press
The Custody has long strived to own and operate its own printing press, but was only able to do so in 1847. The machinery was installed at Saint Savior's Monastery in Jerusalem and produced that very year a few small-scale school materials in Arabic, and its first proper book, a billingual Italian-Arabic catechism, these being the first books ever printed in Arabic in Palestine. This "Franciscan print room" later became the Franciscan Printing Press (FPP), which today has its headquarters on the eastern side of the Mount of Olives in Betphage.

In 2005, the FPP has become part of TS Edizioni, where TS stands for Terra Santa. TS Edizioni was established in 2005, is part of the Fondazione Terra Santa, and operates, in Italy, as the publishing centre of the Custody of the Holy Land. It combines the tradition of two Franciscan Holy Land-related institutions, the FPP in Jerusalem, and the Centro propaganda e stampa founded in the 1910s in Milan. TS acts under the patronage of the Custody and co-publishes the institutional collections.

The FPP has enabled the publication in several languages of the research done by the Jerusalem-based Studium Biblicum Franciscanum. Today, the FPP serves the printing needs of the Custody as well as of local publications.

Regional concerns
Fr. Pizzaballa expressed concern that many Christians were leaving the region, especially the Christians of the Palestinian Territories, and that housing assistance was being offered to discourage emigration. He attributed the exodus to lack of prospects for the future and the political situation.

In 2011, the Catholic News Service (CNS) website aired an interview on Vatican Radio in which Father Pizzaballa alluded to the tense situation for Christians in Syria and Egypt.

List of sanctuaries
The order manages 50-55 "sanctuaries" across the region. Most of these churches were built in the 19th and 20th centuries, and a significant number were designed by Antonio Barluzzi.

List of Custodians
13th century
 * 1217 – Elia da Cortona

1. 1219 – Saint Francis of Assisi

2. 1247 – Giacomo (Narciso?)

3. 1266 – Giacomo da Puy

4. ? – Vincentius de Burgundia

5. 1270? – Giovannino da Parma

6. 1286 – Geleberto 14th century 1. 1306 – Guido

2. 1310 – Rogero Guarini

3. 1328 – Nicolò da San Martino

4. 1330 – Giovanni Fedanzola 1333 – Rogero Guarini

5. 1337 – Giovanni di Stefano

6. 1337 – Giacomo Normanno

7. ? – Nicola di Giovanni

8. 1363 – Bernardino da Padova

9. 1372 – Antonio di Giacomo

10. 1376 – Nicolò da Creta (o Candia)

11. 1382 – Giovanni

12. 1384 – Nicolò da Venezia

13. 1388 – Gerardo Calvetti 15th century 1. 1400 – Nicolò Coronario

2. 1405 – Nicolò di Pietro

3. 1414 – Pascutius Davini de Assisio

4. 1421 – Giacomo di Antonio

5. 1424 – Giovanni Belloro

6. 1430 – Luigi da Bologna

7. 1434 – Giacomo Delfino

8. 1438 – Gandolfo da Sicilia

9. 1446 – Baldassare da Santa Maria

10. 1455 – Antonio da Mugnano

11. 1462 – Gabriele Mezzavacca

12. 1464 – Paolo d'Albenga

13. 1467 – Francesco da Piacenza

14. 1472 – Andrea da Parma

15. 1475 – Giacomo d'Alessandria

16. 1478 – Giovanni de Thomacellis

17. 1481 – Paolo da Canneto

18. 1484 – Bernardino da Parma 1487 – Francesco da Perugia

19. 1487 – Bernardino Caimo

20. 1489 – Bartolomeo da Piacenza

21. 1493 – Francesco Suriano

22. 1495 – Angelo da Foligno 1496 – Bartolomeo da Piacenza

23. 1499 – Antonio Gozze de Regnis 16th century 1. 1501 – Mauro da San Bernardino

2. 1504 – Luigi da Napoli

3. 1507 – Bernardino del Vecchio 1512 – Francesco Suriano

4. 1514 – Nicolò da Tossignano

5. 1517 – Zenobio da Firenze

6. 1518 – Gabriele ?

7. 1519 – Angelo da Ferrara

8. 1528 – Giovanni

9. 1532 – Mario da Messina

10. 1532 – Battista da Macerata

11. 1535 – Tomaso da Norcia

12. 1541 – Dionisio da Sarcognano

13. 1545 – Felice da Venezia

14. 1544 – Giorgio Bosnese 1545 – Felice da Venezia

15. 1547 – Bonaventura Corsetti

16. 1551 – Bonifacio Stefani

17. 1559 – Antonio da Bergamo

18. 1560 – Aurelio da Griano 1564 – Bonifacio Stefani

19. 1565 – Bernardino da Collestate

20. 1566 – Girolamo da Fossato

21. 1568 – Angelo da Portomaurizio

22. 1568 – Gian Francesco d'Arsignano Vicent

23. 1571 – Antonio da Sant'Angelo

24. 1572 – Geremia da Brescia

25. 1580 – Giovanni da Bergamo

26. 1581 – Angelo Stella

27. 1584 – Paolino Olivoli

28. 1585 – Accursio da Quinzano

29. 1588 – Gian Battista da Montegiano

30. 1590 – Francesco da Spello

31. 1593 – Felice Ranieri da Fratta

32. 1593 – Gian Francesco da Salandra

33. 1597 – Evangelista da Gabiano 17th century 1. 1600 – Francesco Manerba

2. 1603 – Cesario da Trino

3. 1608 – Gaudenzio Saibanti

4. 1612 – Angelo da Messina

5. 1616 – Basilio Basili

6. 1619 – Francesco Dulcedo

7. 1620 – Tommaso Obicini

8. 1621 – Ambrogio Pantoliano

9. 1622 – Francesco Spinelli

10. 1625 – Sante da Messina

11. 1628 – Diego Campanile

12. 1632 – Paolo da Lodi

13. 1634 – Francesco da Cattaro

14. 1637 – Andrea d'Arco

15. 1642 – Pietro Verniero

16. 1645 – Francesco Merisi

17. 1648 – Antonio da Gaeta 1651 – Ambrogio Pantoliano

18. 1652 – Mariano Morone

19. 1659 – Eusebio Valles

20. 1664 – Francesco M. Rhini

21. 1669 – Teofilo Testa

22. 1673 – Claudio Gavazzi

23. 1675 – Tomaso da Caltagirone

24. 1675 – Giovanni Bonsignori

25. 1678 – Pier Marino Sormani

26. 1683 – Pier Antonio Grassi

27. 1686 – Angelico da Milano

28. 1689 – Gregorio da Parghelia

29. 1691 – Gian Battista D'Atina

30. 1695 – Baldassare Caldera

31. 1697 – Francesco da Santo Floro 18th century 1. 1701 – Bonaventura da Majori

2. 1704 – Benedetto da Bari

3. 1705 – Costantino Ultorchi

4. 1706 – Gaetano Potestà

5. 1710 – Lorenzo Cozza

6. 1716 – Giuseppe Maria da Perugia

7. 1720 – Gian Filippo da Milano

8. 1722 – Giacomo da Lucca

9. 1730 – Andrea da Montoro

10. 1735 – Angelico da Gazolo

11. 1740 – Paolo da Laurino 1743 – Giacomo da Lucca

12. 1744 – Desiderio da Casabasciana

13. 1751 – Prospero Zinelli

14. 1754 – Pio da Mentone

15. 1756 – Domenico da Venezia

16. 1762 – Paolo da Piacenza

17. 1767 – Luigi da Bastia

18. 1773 – Valeriano Bellandi

19. 1773 – Gian Domenico da Levigliano

20. 1795 – Placido da Roma

21. 1798 – Ladislao da Viterbo 19th century 1. 1801 – Zenobio Puccini

2. 1805 – Bonaventura da Nola

3. 1808 – Giuseppe M. Pierallini

4. 1815 – Girolamo da Osimo

5. 1817 – Salvatore Antonio da Malta

6. 1820 – Ugolino Cesarini

7. 1822 – Gian Antonio da Rogliano

8. 1825 – Tomaso da Montasola

9. 1831 – Francesco di S. Lorenzo alle Grotte

10. 1835 – Francesco Saverio da Malta

11. 1838 – Perpetuo Guasco

12. 1841 – Cherubino Maria da Cori

13. 1843 – Cherubino da Civezza

14. 1847 – Bernardino Trionfetti

15. 1857 – Bonaventura Robotti

16. 1863 – Serafino Milani

17. 1874 – Gaudenzio Bonfigli

18. 1880 – Guido Corbelli

19. 1886 – Aurelio Briante

20. 1888 – Giacomo Ghezzi 1894 – Aurelio Briante 20th century 1. 1900 – Frediano Giannini

2. 1906 – Roberto Razzoli

3. 1914 – Onorato Carcaterra

4. 1915 – Serafino Cimino

5. 1918 – Ferdinando Diotallevi; as Custos he was also member of the Pro-Jerusalem Society's leading Council

6. 1925 – Aurelio Marotta

7. 1931 – Nazzareno Jacopozzi

8. 1937 – Alberto Gori

9. 1950 – Giacinto Maria Faccio

10. 1955 – Angelico Lazzeri

11. 1957 – Alfredo Polidori

12. 1962 – Vincenzo Cappiello

13. 1968 – Alfonso Calabrese

14. 1969 – Erminio Roncari

15. 1974 – Maurilio Sacchi

16. 1980 – Ignazio Mancini

17. 1986 – Carlo Cecchitelli

18. 1992 – Giuseppe Nazzaro

19. 1998 – Giovanni Battistelli 21st century 1. 2004 – Pierbattista Pizzaballa

2. 2016 – Francesco Patton