Da Vinci Surgical System

The da Vinci Surgical System is a robotic surgical system that uses a minimally invasive surgical approach. The system is manufactured by the company Intuitive Surgical. The system is used for prostatectomies, increasingly for cardiac valve repair and for renal and gynecologic surgical procedures.

It was used in an estimated 200,000 surgeries in 2012, most commonly for hysterectomies and prostate removals. The system is called "da Vinci" in part because Leonardo da Vinci's study of human anatomy eventually led to the design of the first known robot in history.

Medical uses
The system has been used in the following procedures:
 * Radical prostatectomy, pyeloplasty, cystectomy, nephrectomy and ureteral reimplantation;
 * Hysterectomy, myomectomy and sacrocolpopexy;
 * Hiatal hernia and inguinal hernia repair;
 * GI surgeries including resections and cholecystectomy;
 * Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) for head and neck cancer;
 * Lung transplantation, the da Vinci System has been used in the world's first fully robotic surgery of this kind thanks to a pioneering technique.

Device
The da Vinci System consists of a surgeon's console that is typically in the same room as the patient, and a patient-side cart with three to four interactive robotic arms (depending on the model) controlled from the console. The arms hold objects, and can act as scalpels, scissors, bovies, or graspers. The final arm controls the 3D cameras. The surgeon uses the controls of the console to manoeuvre the patient-side cart's robotic arms. The system always requires a human operator.

FDA clearance
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) cleared the da Vinci Surgical System in 2000 for adult and pediatric use in urologic surgical procedures, general laparoscopic surgical procedures, gynecologic laparoscopic surgical procedures, general non-cardiovascular thoracoscopic surgical procedures, and thoracoscopically assisted cardiotomy procedures.

Criticism
While the use of robotic surgery has become an item in the advertisement of medical services, there is a lack of studies that indicate long-term results are superior to results following laparoscopic surgery. Critics of robotic surgery assert that it is difficult for users to learn. The da Vinci system uses proprietary software, which cannot be modified by physicians, thereby limiting the freedom to modify the operating system. The system has a cost of $2 million which places it beyond the reach of many institutions.

The manufacturer of the system, Intuitive Surgical, has been criticized for short-cutting FDA approval by a process known as premarket notification instead of entering the market through the 510(k) process. The company has also been accused of providing inadequate training and encouraging healthcare providers to reduce the number of supervised procedures required before a doctor is allowed to use the system without supervision.

There have also been claims of patient injuries caused by stray electrical currents released from inappropriate parts of the surgical tips used by the system. Intuitive Surgical counter this argument by saying the same type of stray currents can occur in non-robotic laparoscopic procedures. A study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association found that side effects and blood loss in robotically-performed hysterectomies are no better than those performed by traditional surgery, despite the significantly greater cost of the system. As of 2013, the FDA was investigating problems with the da Vinci robot, including deaths during surgeries that used the device; a number of related lawsuits were also underway.

Use in popular media
Doctors in Japan were considering promoting the procedure for cardiac surgery. A way to show this, both its good and bad sides is through visual media. 2018 Japanese drama Black Pean takes on this challenge, showing both sides' point of view. Two University Hospitals are competing to be the best in the Cardiac Surgery Department. One, Tojo, has the best traditional surgeons, while the other, Teika, is all about researching and implementing the most recent technology. With this, Teika sends its technical specialist to Tojo to try to convince them to update their techniques, including the use of the Da Vinci robot (named in the drama as Darwin). Newhart Watanabe International Hospital, a pioneer in Da Vinci surgery for the heart in Japan, was used as background for the drama, with Dr. Gou Watanabe providing technical support.

In Grey’s Anatomy season 5 episode 23, Chief of Surgery Dr. Richard Webber (played by James Pickens Jr.) reveals to Chief Resident Dr. Miranda Bailey (played by Chandra Wilson) that he has purchased a Da Vinci surgical robot to entice her to choose general surgery over the paediatrics fellowship she is considering under the supervision of Dr. Arizona Robbins (played by Jessica Capshaw).