Darwin D. Martin House

The Darwin D. Martin House Complex is a historic house museum in Buffalo, New York. The property's buildings were designed by renowned architect Frank Lloyd Wright and built between 1903 and 1905. The house is considered to be one of the most important projects from Wright's Prairie School era.

History
The Martin House Complex was built for businessman Darwin D. Martin (1865-1935) and his wife Isabelle Reidpath Martin (1869-1945). The complex also includes the residence of Martin's sister Delta (1859-1937) and her husband George F. Barton (1847-1929).

In 1902, Darwin Martin's older brother William E. Martin commissioned Wright to design his house in Oak Park, Illinois. Upon first meeting Wright, William Martin was so impressed that he immediately wrote to Darwin recommending Wright to design both his house and the new Larkin Company office building then under consideration. As secretary of the Larkin Company, Darwin Martin was instrumental in promoting Wright's selection as architect. Following the Larkin commission, Wright also designed houses for two other Larkin Company executives: William R. Heath and Walter V. Davidson. During the same period, Wright designed the Martin & Martin Building in Chicago, better known as the E-Z Polish Factory, for William Martin.

Wright designed the Martin House Complex as an integrated composition of connecting buildings, consisting of the Martin residence itself, a long pergola connecting to a conservatory, a carriage house-stable, and a second, smaller residence, the George Barton House, built for Martin's younger sister Delta and her husband George F. Barton, who had been partners with William Martin in Chicago before moving to Buffalo to work for the Larkin Company. The complex also includes a gardener's cottage, the last building to be completed.

Martin, disappointed with the small size of the conservatory, had a 60 ft (18m) long greenhouse constructed between the gardener's cottage and the carriage house, to supply flowers and plants for the buildings and grounds. This greenhouse was not designed by Wright, and Martin ignored Wright's offer "to put a little architecture on it".

Over the next twenty years a long-term friendship grew between Wright and Martin, to the extent that the Martins provided financial assistance and other support to Wright as his career unfolded.

In 1926, Wright designed a second home for the Martins called Graycliff, a summer estate overlooking Lake Erie in nearby Derby, New York. A proposed Martin family mausoleum designed by Wright in 1928 was eventually built by the Forest Lawn Cemetery in 2004.

Design
The complex exemplifies Wright's Prairie School ideal and is comparable with other notable works from this period in his career, such as the Robie House in Chicago and the Dana-Thomas House in Springfield, Illinois. Wright was especially fond of the Martin House design, referring to it for some 50 years as his "opus", and calling the complex "A well-nigh perfect composition". Wright kept the Martin site plan tacked to the wall near his drawing board for the next half century.

"The main motives and indications were:

First – To reduce the number of necessary parts of the house and the separate rooms to a minimum, and make all come together as an enclosed space—so divided that light, air and vista permeated the whole with a sense of unity."

In 1900 Edward Bok of the Curtis Publishing Company, bent on improving American homes, invited architects to publish designs in the Ladies' Home Journal, the plans of which readers could purchase for five dollars. Subsequently, the Wright design "A Home in a Prairie Town" was published in February 1901 and first introduced the term "Prairie Home". The Martin House, designed in 1903, bears a striking resemblance to that design. The facades are almost identical, except for the front entrance, and the Martin House repeats most of the Journal House ground floor. An awkward failure was no direct connection from the kitchen to the dining room. The Journal House had a serving pantry, but Wright was forced to give this up to accommodate the pergola.

Of particular significance are the fifteen distinctive patterns of 394 stained glass windows that Wright designed for the entire complex, some of which contain over 750 individual pieces of jewel-like iridescent glass, that act as "light screens" to visually connect exterior views with the spaces within. More patterns of art glass were designed for the Martin House than for any other of Wright's Prairie Houses.

Walter Burley Griffin landscaped the grounds, which were created as integral to the architectural design. A semi-circular garden which contained a wide variety of plant species, chosen for their blossoming cycles to ensure blooms throughout the growing season, surrounded the Martin House veranda. The garden included two sculptures by Wright collaborator Richard Bock.

Complex
The complex is located within the Parkside East Historic District of Buffalo, which was laid out by the American landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted in 1876. Darwin Martin purchased the land in 1902. Construction began in 1903, and completed with Wright signing off on the project in 1907. The original complete Martin House Complex was 29080 sqft.

The Martin House
Built between 1902 and 1905, the Martin House is distinguished from Wright's other prairie style houses by its unusually large size and open plan. On the ground floor an entry hall bisects the house. To the right, behind a large double sided hearth, is a central living room. The room is flanked by a dining room and library which together create a long continuous space. The other axis, centered on the hearth, continues the living room out to a large covered veranda. To the left of the entry hall, is a reception room similar in size to the living room, the kitchen, and several smaller rooms. A separate mass provides for a reception room hearth, and one to the level above. The wing completes with a porte-cochère balancing the veranda. Above the entry hall, stairs wrap a small covered light well opening to the second floor. This floor provides eight bedrooms, four bathrooms, and a sewing room. The entry hall continues on axis to the pergola and conservatory beyond.

Martin had imposed no budget and Wright is believed to have spent close to $300,000. By comparison Martin's brother's house cost about $5000, and the Ladies' Home Journal house design an estimated price of $7000.

The Martin House is located at the south end of the complex, at 125 Jewett Parkway in Buffalo.

The Barton House
Construction on the Barton House began first in 1903 and not only was it the first building of the complex to be completed but also the first of Wright's in Buffalo. The principal living spaces are concentrated in the central two-story portion of the house where the reception, living and dining areas open into each other. The two main bedrooms are on the second story, at either end of a narrow hall. On the ground floor the kitchen is at the north end, while a scaled veranda extends from the reception hall to the south.

The Barton House is on the east side of the complex, at 118 Summit Avenue, Buffalo.

The carriage house
Originally the carriage house served as a stable with horse stalls, a hay loft, and storage for a carriage, but soon became a garage with a service area for a car, and an upstairs apartment for a chauffeur. The carriage house also contained the boilers for the complex's heating system. Built between 1903 and 1905, the original structure was demolished in 1962, and rebuilt during the restoration between 2004 and 2007. The carriage house is at the north end of the complex, directly north of the Martin House porte-cochere, to the west of the conservatory.

The gardener's cottage
Built in 1909 of wood and stucco, the gardener's cottage is so modest in size that a boxy configuration appears to have been inevitable, contrary to Wright's ideal of opening up the confining "box" of traditional American houses. Nevertheless, Wright managed to create an illusion of the pier and cantilever principle that characterized the Martin House by placing tall rectangular panels at each corner of the building. The gardener was Reuben Polder, who had to provide fresh flowers daily for every room in the Martin House, a task which he completed until Darwin Martin died in 1935.

The gardener's cottage is on the west side of the complex, at 285 Woodward Avenue, Buffalo.

The conservatory
Built for plant growing the conservatory features a glass-and-metal roof supported by brick piers. A plaster cast of the Winged Victory of Samothrace stands at the entrance and creates a vista through the pergola. The original conservatory was demolished in 1962, and rebuilt between 2004 and 2007 as part of the restoration. The conservatory is at the north end of the complex between the carriage house and the Barton House.

The pergola
The pergola runs from the entrance hall of the Martin House to the entrance of the conservatory, and is about 100 ft (30m) long. The original pergola was demolished in 1962, and was rebuilt between 2004 and 2007. The Pergola is at the center of the complex, running north–south between the Martin House and the conservatory.

Decline
Following the loss of the family fortune, due to the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the Great Depression, and subsequently Darwin Martin's death in 1935, the family abandoned the house in 1937. Martin's son, D.R. Martin, had attempted to donate the house to the city of Buffalo or the state university to be used as a library but his offer was rejected. By 1937 the complex had already begun to deteriorate, the walls at the front of the house were crumbling, and the conservatory hadn't been used for several years due to a leak in the heating system. Over the next two decades, the vacant house was considerably vandalized and deteriorated further. In 1946 the city took control over the property in a tax foreclosure sale. Purchased in 1951 by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Buffalo, with plans to turn the complex into a summer retreat for their priests, it remained empty. 1951 was also the year Graycliff was sold to the Piarists, a Catholic teaching order. The complex was purchased privately in 1955 by architect Sebastian Tauriello, thus saving the house from demolition. It was converted into three apartments, the grounds sub-divided, with the carriage house, conservatory, and pergola in ruins at the time of the private purchase, demolished, and a pair of apartment buildings constructed in the 1960s. In 1967 the complex was purchased by the University at Buffalo, for use as the university president's residence. The university continued the sub-division with the sale of The Barton House in 1967 and the gardener's cottage soon after. The university attempted restoration of the Martin House, although this consisted mainly of slight modernizations and the location of several pieces of original furniture. The complex was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975, and became a National Historic Landmark in 1986.

Restoration
The Martin House Restoration Corporation (MHRC), founded in 1992, is a non-profit organization with a mandate to restore the complex to its 1907 condition and to open it as a public historic house museum. The Barton House was purchased on behalf of the MHRC in 1994 and the title to the Martin House was transferred from the University at Buffalo to the MHRC in 2002. The restoration began with the Buffalo firm Hamilton Houston Lownie Architects (HHL) being commissioned to restore the roof of the Martin House. The Gardener's Cottage was purchased in 2006, and the demolished carriage house, conservatory, and pergola were reconstructed and completed in 2007. The $50 million restoration project was completed in June 2017. It was the first time that a demolished Wright structure had been rebuilt in the United States.

One of Richard Bock's sculptures, Spring, now located in the Bock Museum at Greenville College, was copied in 2008.

Currently the MHRC operates guided public tours and present educational programs for volunteers and the general public. In 2008, the Gardener's Cottage was finally included on the tours of the complex.

The Eleanor & Wilson Greatbatch Pavilion Visitor Center, designed by Toshiko Mori, opened March 12, 2009.

In June 2017, the unveiling of the Wisteria Mosaic Fireplace, a 360-degree work of art consisting of tens of thousands of individual glass tiles, marks the completion of the $50 million project.