Degtyaryov machine gun

The Degtyaryov machine gun (Пулемёт Дегтярёвa Пехотный literally: "Degtyaryov's infantry machine gun") or DP-27/DP-28 is a light machine gun firing the 7.62×54mmR cartridge that was primarily used by the Soviet Union, with service trials starting in 1927, followed by general deployment in 1928.

Besides being the standard Soviet infantry light machine gun (LMG) during World War II, with various modifications it was used in aircraft as a flexible defensive weapon, and it equipped almost all Soviet tanks in WWII as either a flexible bow machine gun or a co-axial machine gun controlled by the gunner. It was improved in 1943 producing the DPM, but it was replaced in 1946 with the RP-46 which improved on the basic DP design by converting it to use belt feed. The DP machine gun was supplemented in the 1950s by the more modern RPD machine gun and entirely replaced in Soviet service by the general purpose PK machine gun in the 1960s.

Design
The DP-27 is a light machine gun designed for the Soviet Red Army in the 1920s under the leadership of Vasily Degtyaryov (1880–1949), the first test model being the DP-26. Two test guns were manufactured and fired 5,000 rounds each from September 27–29, 1926, during which weaknesses were discovered in the extractor and firing pin mechanisms. After design improvements, two more guns were made and tested in December 1926, firing 40,000 rounds under adverse conditions, resulting in only .6% stoppages. However, changes to the bolt carrier and the chamber locking mechanism were still required. After this redesign the improved gun, now called the DP-27, was tested by the Red Army at the Kovrov plant on January 17–21 of 1927, passing all tests and being approved for manufacture. A full year of service testing followed, after which the primary requested change was the addition of the large flash suppressor that is now considered one of the recognition features of the design. With further refinements, the DP was to be the primary light machine gun of the Red Army during WWII.

The DP-27 was designed to fire the same 7.62×54mmR (R indicating rimmed) ammunition as the main Soviet infantry rifle, the Mosin-Nagant, much simplifying ammunition logistics for Soviet infantry units. Of typical Russian design philosophy, the DP-27 was a sturdy and simple gun that was easy and cheap to manufacture, and could be relied upon to perform even in the most adverse conditions; it was capable of withstanding being buried in dirt, mud, or sand and still operating consistently. However, being magazine fed, it had a rate of fire similar to other light machine guns, like the Bren light machine gun, but low when compared to its main wartime rivals, the German MG 34/MG 42 series, firing at a rate of 550rpm as compared to the 800–1,500rpm of the German general-purpose machine guns.

The operating mechanism of the DP-27 is gas-operated, using a Kjellmann-Friberg flap locking design to lock the bolt against the chamber until the round had left the barrel, aided by a recoil spring. Ammunition came in the form of a 47-round circular pan magazine that attached to the top of the receiver. Because of the shape of its magazine, the DP-27 was nicknamed the "record player".

Its main parts were a removable barrel with an integrated flash suppressor and gas cylinder, a receiver with the rear sight, a perforated barrel shroud/guide with the front sight, the bolt and locking flaps, the bolt carrier and gas piston rod, a recoil spring, stock and trigger mechanism group, a bipod for firing from prone positions, and the previously mentioned pan magazine. In total, the first versions contained only 80 parts, indicating both the simplicity and ease of manufacture of the design. Early versions had 26 transverse cooling fins machined into the barrel, but it was found that these had little cooling effect and so were deleted in 1938, further easing manufacture.

The design had weaknesses that would eventually be addressed in later variants. The pan magazines were prone to damage, while also being difficult and time-consuming to reload. The bipod mechanism was weak and likely to fail if not handled with care. Replacing the barrel was not a quick operation due to a lack of handle and the amount of disassembly needed, though a well trained crew could do so in 30 seconds under ideal conditions.The open gas chamber and bolt frame could accumulate dust in sandy conditions, clogging the gas piston. The recoil spring's location near the barrel led to overheating, causing it to lose proper spring temper.

Designation
The Degtyaryov machine gun was accepted for Red Army service in 1927 with the official designation 7,62-мм ручной пулемет обр. 1927 г (7.62mm Hand-Held Machine Gun Model 1927). It was called the ДП-27 (DP-27), although some western sources refer to it as the DP-28.

Service use
Despite its numerous problems, the DP had a reputation as a relatively effective light support weapon. It was nicknamed the "Record player" (proigryvatel') by Red Army troops because of its rotating disc-shaped pan magazine.

The first uses of the DP-27 in war where with the Republican forces in the Spanish Civil War. On 25 October 1936 the SS Kursk docked at Cartegena, delivering 150 Degtaryov machine guns along with 9,000 Winchester Model 1895 rifles. The Cabo Palos delivered 3 DT tank machine guns on 7 May 1937. On 7 February 1938 the SS Bonafacio arrived in Bassens and included numerous weapons in its cargo delivery, including DP & DT machine guns.

Many were captured by the Finnish army in the Winter War and the Continuation War and partially replaced the Lahti-Saloranta M/26. The DP received the nickname Emma in Finnish service after a popular waltz, again due to the magazine's resemblance to a record player. In the summer of 1944, the Finnish army had about 3400 Finnish-made Lahti-Salorantas and 9000 captured Soviet-made Degtyarevs on the front. Captured examples were operated by the Volkssturm, the late-war German militia, and in German service the Degtyarev received the designation Leichtes Maschinengewehr 120(r).

The Chinese Nationalists received 5,600 DPs from the USSR and used them in the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War. The North Korean and Chinese Communists used the DP in the Korean War and copied the DPM as the Type 53.

Examples of all variants of the DP machine gun were given or sold to the Viet Minh in the First Indochina War by the USSR and Chinese Communists. Similarly, in the Vietnam War to the NVA and Vietcong.

DPMs have also been recovered from Taliban fighters during the War in Afghanistan while DPs or DPMs have been spotted in 2014 in the Northern Mali conflict. During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, a few of the backline Ukrainian forces were issued surplus DPMs.

Variants

 * DPM, modernized version adopted in 1943–44, with a more robust bipod fastened to the cooling jacket and the recoil spring housed in a tube projecting from the rear of the receiver which necessitated a pistol grip for this model of the weapon (manufactured in China as the Type 53)
 * DA, for mounting and loading in aircraft (Дегтярёва авиационный, Degtyaryova Aviatsionny; ДА). Also used in tandem mounts known as DA-2. Employed in the early versions of the Tupolev TB-3 bomber and in the Polikarpov R-5 and Polikarpov Po-2 army cooperation aircraft. The DA weighed 7.1 kg empty and 11.5 kg with standard ammunition load. Its rate of fire was 600 rounds per minute. It was built between 1928 and March 1930 with 1,200 units delivered. It was soon superseded by the ShKAS, which had a much higher rate of fire.
 * DT and DTM, for mounting and loading in armoured fighting vehicles (Дегтярёва танковый, Degtyaryova Tankovy; ДТ and ДТМ)
 * DTM-4, (ДТМ-4) quad mounted variant.
 * RP-46 (Ротный пулемет - company machine gun): metallic-belt fed version adopted in 1946 with a heavier barrel to allow prolonged sustained fire. About 500 rounds could be fired continuously before the barrel had to be swapped or allowed to cool down. Also had a user-adjustable gas system, with three holes of varying diameters provided, to cope with varying environmental conditions and residue buildup. Although the empty weight of the RP-46 exceeded that of DP by 2.5 kg, when considered together with a single ammo box of 250 rounds, the RP-46 weighed 10 kg less than the DP together with the same amount of ammunition in DP pans. The RP-46 remained in Soviet service for 15 years before it was replaced (together with the SGM) by the PK machine gun. The RP-46 was later manufactured in China as the Type 58 and in North Korea as the Type 64. The RP-46 could still fire from DP-style magazines by removing its belt-feeding system.

Users

 * undefined: DPM and RP-46 variants
 * 🇦🇱 Albania: RP-46 variant.
 * 🇩🇿 Algeria: RP-46 variant.
 * 🇦🇴 Angola: RP-46 variant.
 * 🇧🇯 Benin: RP-46 variant.
 * 🇧🇬 Bulgaria: RP-46 variant.
 * 🇨🇫 Central African Republic: RP-46 variant.
 * Republic of China (1912-1949): Received 5,600 from the Soviet Union as aid from 1938.
 * DPM and RP-46 locally built as Type 53 and Type 58
 * 🇰🇲 Comoros: RP-46 and Type 58 variants.
 * Congo-Brazzaville: RP-46 variant.
 * 🇨🇺 Cuba: DP, DT, DTM, DPM and RP-46 variants.
 * Czechoslovakia: DP, DPM and RP-46 variants.
 * 🇪🇬 Egypt
 * 🇬🇶 Equatorial Guinea: RP-46 variant.
 * 🇪🇹 Ethiopia: RP-46 variant.
 * 🇫🇮 Finland: Used captured examples during World War II.
 * East Germany: DT and DTM variants.
 * undefined: Captured models were issued to the Volkssturm.
 * 🇭🇺 Hungary: DP, DPM and DTM variants. Locally produced as M-27.
 * 🇮🇩 Indonesia
 * 🇮🇶 iraq: Iraqi insurgents used RP-46 variant.
 * Kingdom of Italy: The Italian Army in Russia used captured examples as they were more reliable than the Breda 30.
 * Laos: RP-46 variant.
 * 🇱🇾 Libya: RP-46 variant.
 * 🇳🇬 Nigeria: RP-46 variant.
 * 🇰🇵 North Korea: DPM, Type 53 and RP-46 variants.
 * PAIGC
 * Palestine Liberation Organization
 * 🇵🇱 Poland: Used by Polish Army in USSR during World War II and then during the Cold War era (DPM and RP-46 variants).
 * 🇷🇴 Romania: DP and DPM used after the war.
 * 🇸🇨 Seychelles: RP-46 variant.
 * 🇸🇴 Somalia: RP-46 variant.
 * Soviet Union
 * Spanish Republic
 * 🇱🇰 Sri Lanka: Type 58 variant
 * 🇸🇩 Sudan: RP-46 variant.
 * 🇸🇾: RP-46 variant.
 * Syrian opposition: Regular DP27. Used by the Martyrs Of Islam rebel faction.
 * 🇹🇿 Tanzania: RP-46 variant.
 * 🇹🇬 Togo: RP-46 variant.
 * Vietnam: DPM, Type 53, RP-46 and Type 58 variants
 * 🇾🇪 Yemen
 * undefined
 * 🇿🇲 Zambia: RP-46 variant.
 * 🇺🇦 Ukraine