Disjunction and existence properties

In mathematical logic, the disjunction and existence properties are the "hallmarks" of constructive theories such as Heyting arithmetic and constructive set theories (Rathjen 2005).

Definitions

 * The disjunction property is satisfied by a theory if, whenever a sentence A &or; B is a theorem, then either A is a theorem, or B is a theorem.
 * The existence property or witness property is satisfied by a theory if, whenever a sentence (∃x)A(x) is a theorem, where A(x) has no other free variables, then there is some term t such that the theory proves A(t).

Related properties
Rathjen (2005) lists five properties that a theory may possess. These include the disjunction property (DP), the existence property (EP), and three additional properties:


 * The numerical existence property (NEP) states that if the theory proves $$(\exists x \in \mathbb{N})\varphi(x)$$, where φ has no other free variables, then the theory proves $$\varphi(\bar{n})$$ for some $$n \in \mathbb{N}\text{.}$$ Here $$\bar{n}$$ is a term in $$T$$ representing the number n.
 * Church's rule (CR) states that if the theory proves $$(\forall x \in \mathbb{N})(\exists y \in \mathbb{N})\varphi(x,y)$$ then there is a natural number e such that, letting $$f_e$$ be the computable function with index e, the theory proves $$(\forall x)\varphi(x,f_e(x))$$.
 * A variant of Church's rule, CR1, states that if the theory proves $$(\exists f \colon \mathbb{N}\to\mathbb{N}) \psi(f)$$ then there is a natural number e such that the theory proves $$f_e$$ is total and proves $$\psi(f_e)$$.

These properties can only be directly expressed for theories that have the ability to quantify over natural numbers and, for CR1, quantify over functions from $$\mathbb{N}$$ to $$\mathbb{N}$$. In practice, one may say that a theory has one of these properties if a definitional extension of the theory has the property stated above (Rathjen 2005).

Non-examples and examples
Almost by definition, a theory that accepts excluded middle while having independent statements does not have the disjunction property. So all classical theories expressing Robinson arithmetic do not have it. Most classical theories, such as Peano arithmetic and ZFC in turn do not validate the existence property either, e.g. because they validate the least number principle existence claim. But some classical theories, such as ZFC plus the axiom of constructibility, do have a weaker form of the existence property (Rathjen 2005).

Heyting arithmetic is well known for having the disjunction property and the (numerical) existence property.

While the earliest results were for constructive theories of arithmetic, many results are also known for constructive set theories (Rathjen 2005). John Myhill (1973) showed that IZF with the axiom of replacement eliminated in favor of the axiom of collection has the disjunction property, the numerical existence property, and the existence property. Michael Rathjen (2005) proved that CZF has the disjunction property and the numerical existence property.

Freyd and Scedrov (1990) observed that the disjunction property holds in free Heyting algebras and free topoi. In categorical terms, in the free topos, that corresponds to the fact that the terminal object, $$\mathbf{1}$$, is not the join of two proper subobjects. Together with the existence property it translates to the assertion that $$\mathbf{1}$$ is an indecomposable projective object&mdash;the functor it represents (the global-section functor) preserves epimorphisms and coproducts.

Relationship between properties
There are several relationship between the five properties discussed above.

In the setting of arithmetic, the numerical existence property implies the disjunction property. The proof uses the fact that a disjunction can be rewritten as an existential formula quantifying over natural numbers:
 * $$ A \vee B \equiv (\exists n) [ (n=0 \to A) \wedge (n \neq 0 \to B)]$$.

Therefore, if
 * $$ A \vee B $$ is a theorem of $$ T $$, so is $$ \exists n\colon (n=0 \to A) \wedge (n \neq 0 \to B) $$.

Thus, assuming the numerical existence property, there exists some $$ s $$ such that
 * $$ (\bar{s}=0 \to A) \wedge (\bar{s} \neq 0 \to B) $$

is a theorem. Since $$ \bar{s} $$ is a numeral, one may concretely check the value of $$ s$$: if $$ s=0 $$ then $$ A $$ is a theorem and if $$ s \neq 0 $$ then $$ B $$ is a theorem.

Harvey Friedman (1974) proved that in any recursively enumerable extension of intuitionistic arithmetic, the disjunction property implies the numerical existence property. The proof uses self-referential sentences in way similar to the proof of Gödel's incompleteness theorems. The key step is to find a bound on the existential quantifier in a formula (∃x)A(x), producing a bounded existential formula (∃x<n)A(x). The bounded formula may then be written as a finite disjunction A(1)&or;A(2)&or;...&or;A(n). Finally, disjunction elimination may be used to show that one of the disjuncts is provable.

History
Kurt Gödel (1932) stated without proof that intuitionistic propositional logic (with no additional axioms) has the disjunction property; this result was proven and extended to intuitionistic predicate logic by Gerhard Gentzen (1934, 1935). Stephen Cole Kleene (1945) proved that Heyting arithmetic has the disjunction property and the existence property. Kleene's method introduced the technique of realizability, which is now one of the main methods in the study of constructive theories (Kohlenbach 2008; Troelstra 1973).