Draft:The economy of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic

The economy of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
The economy of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) was an integral part of the Soviet Union's economic system, operating within Kazakhstan's borders.The economy of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) referred to the economic system and activities within the territory of Kazakhstan during its time as a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, from 1936 to 1991. It was largely characterized by centralized planning and state ownership of the means of production, adhering to the principles of socialism. Key sectors of the economy included agriculture, industry, and natural resource extraction, with an emphasis on fulfilling production quotas set by central planning authorities. Agriculture played a significant role, with both collective and state farms cultivating crops and raising livestock. Industrial development focused on sectors such as metallurgy, chemical production, machinery, and energy. The economy of the Kazakh SSR was integrated into the larger Soviet economic system, with resources and goods exchanged among other Soviet republics.

The Economy of the Kazakh SSR during the Interwar Period
Before the World War 2, around 70% of the population of the Kazakh SSR were peasants, mainly engaged in agriculture. The main suppliers of agricultural products were collective farms, numbering around seven thousand, while state farms were much fewer - 194. Although rural workers were restricted in their mobility and had limited sizes of household plots and personal livestock, the situation was gradually improving. By 1940, Kazakh collective farmers cultivated approximately 333.2 thousand hectares of virgin land, but it was not enough. In the resolution of April 20, 1940, the Central Committee of the CPSU(B) and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR discussed the need to increase sown areas by the end of 1942 by 4,345 thousand hectares, mainly by cultivating virgin and fallow lands in various regions of the republic. These goals were achieved, and within the first three years, the sown areas in Kazakhstan exceeded 6.8 million hectares.

Geological Structure and Mineral Resources
The territory of Kazakhstan encompasses a significant part of the Caspian Depression on the East European Platform, where the thickness of Phanerozoic deposits reaches 16-18 km. In the central part of the depression, there is a thick (4-6 km or more) layer of salt deposits from the Upper and possibly Middle Paleozoic, containing rock salt, potassium salt, and borates. These deposits form over 350 salt domes. Oil and gas fields are associated with these salt domes, which are correlated with Permian-Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Paleogene deposits. These formations overlie Paleozoic rocks, which lie on ancient basement rocks, reworked by Paleozoic geological processes. The Mugodzhary mountain ranges consist of complex folded metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary rocks, interspersed with granitoid intrusions. Copper-porphyry deposits have been discovered in the Silurian greenstone thickness. In the Turgay trough area, the Paleozoic basement is found at depths ranging from several tens to 1000 meters. Here are located magnetite ore deposits. The foundation of the Chuy Valley is overlaid with sedimentary deposits from the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras, as well as continental sediments from the Cenozoic era. Folded Paleozoic rocks rise to the surface in various mountain ranges of Kazakhstan and consist of diverse rock complexes, many of which reach enormous thicknesses.

Industry
In 1972, there were more than 23 thousand industrial enterprises and productions on the territory of the Kazakh SSR, including over 2 thousand large ones. In the past, the economy of the Kazakh SSR was actively developing in industries related to the extraction and processing of non-ferrous metals, coal, and the production of chemical products and mechanical engineering. Significant successes have been achieved in light industry and food industry. Was noted the development of new industries such as ferrous metallurgy, oil production and refining, power generation, textile industry etc.

Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy
Non-ferrous metallurgy is the leading industry in the economy of the Kazakh SSR, represented by copper, lead, zinc, titanium, magnesium, also the production of rare and precious metals. The region has mastered the production of more than 30 chemical elements, and it took one of the leading places in the USSR in the production of lead, zinc and copper. Industrial enterprises were located in various areas, such as the Karaganda region and Eastern Kazakhstan. Moreover, ferrous metallurgy was developing, the main part of which was created after the World War 2.

List of enterprises:


 * Balkhash Mining and Metallurgical Plant
 * Dzhezkazgan Mining and Metallurgical Plant
 * Irtysh copper smelter (in the village of Glubokoe)
 * Copper-chemical plant based on the Nikolaevsky polymetallic ore deposit
 * Dzhezkazgan Mining and Metallurgical Combine
 * Lead-zinc plant in Ust-Kamenogorsk
 * Polymetallic plant in Leninogorsk
 * Temirtau Metallurgical Plant
 * Karaganda Metallurgical Plant
 * Ferroalloy plant in Ermak (Pavlodar region)

Electric power industry
Large thermal power plants have been built in large industrial centers of Kazakhstan, such as Alma-Ata, Karaganda, Dzhambul, Shymkent, Pavlodar and others. Ust-Kamenogorsk and Bukhtarma hydroelectric power stations operate on the Irtysh River, and Kapchagai hydroelectric power station operates on the Ili River. Within the framework of the eighth five—year plan, three power units were put into operation, and in 1971 - the fourth at the Ermakovskaya thermal power plant, which operates on available coal from the Ekibastuz field. In the south of Kazakhstan, there is also the Dzhambul Condensing power plant (Now Zhambyl Condensing power plant).

Machine building industry
The machine-building industry of Kazakhstan began to develop actively during the Second World War, when a several of factories from the western regions of the country were evacuated to Kazakhstan.This industry produces a variety of equipment, including forging machines, metal cutting machines, excavators, agricultural and mining machines, and radio equipment.Factories specializing in the production of mining equipment, petroleum equipment, heavy machinery, electrical engineering and other types of machinery and equipment are located in various cities of the country.During the period of the eighth five-year plan (1966-1970), the first stage of the tractor factory was launched in Pavlodar. During this period, the production volume in the engineering industry increased by 1.6 times. Additionally, a instrumentation industry has been established in the republic, which produces various types of machines, devices, and equipment for the national economy, with many types of machinery and automated lines being supplied from other republics.

List of enterprises:


 * Association of mining equipment plants (Karaganda)
 * Plant for the production of oil equipment (Guriev)
 * Heavy engineering and electrical engineering plants (Alma-Ata)
 * "Kazakhselmash" and "Tselinogradselmash" (Tselinograd)
 * Transformer and excavator plants (Kentau)
 * Tractor plant (Pavlodar)
 * Instrument-making industry in Aktobe, Kokchetav and Ust-Kamenogorsk

The chemical industry
Kazakhstan is developing non-ferrous metallurgy, including the production of copper, lead, zinc, titanium, magnesium, rare and precious metals. Ferrous metallurgy is also developing. In the mechanical engineering field, forging and pressing equipment, metal-cutting machines, excavators, and other machinery are produced. The chemical industry is based on phosphate deposits, producing mineral fertilizers, polyethylene, chromium compounds, chemical fibers, and other products.

Major enterprises:


 * Karatau Mining and Chemical Combine
 * Shymkent Phosphorus Salts Plant
 * Dzhambul double superphosphate plant
 * Polyethylene plant in Guryev
 * Synthetic rubber plant in Temirtau
 * Chromium compounds plant in Aktyubinsk
 * Chemical-pharmaceutical plant in Shymkent

Food industry
The food industry has significant opportunities for growth and development in Kazakhstan.One of the main sectors is the meat industry, represented by meat processing plants, among which the largest is the Semipalatinsk plant, in terms of capacity second only to those in Moscow and Leningrad.Oil production is widespread in the northern and northeastern parts of the country. Flour milling and cereal industries are developed in major cities.Sugar factories are located in the sugar beet-growing areas of Jambyl, Taldykorgan, and Almaty regions.The fishing industry has also seen significant development. In the Caspian Sea, sturgeon, beluga, and herring are caught, while in the Aral Sea, bream, carp, and other fish species are caught.Fishing is also conducted on the lakes Balkhash, Zaysan, and others.

List of enterprises:


 * Semipalatinsk meat processing plant
 * Butter factories in the northern and northeastern regions
 * Flour and cereal factories in large cities
 * Sugar factories in beet-growing areas of Dzhambul, Taldy-Kurgan and Alma-Ata regions
 * Fishing industry enterprises in the Caspian and Aral seas
 * Fishing enterprises on lakes Balkhash, Zaisan and others.

Agriculture
By the end of 1971, there were 1631 state farms and 451 collective farms in the country. State farms owned almost 82% of the total sown area in Kazakhstan that year. Out of this area, arable land occupied 34.5 million hectares, hayfields - 6.49 million hectares, and pastures - 141.5 million hectares. The main form of agricultural enterprises was state farms, which became widespread after the active development of virgin and fallow lands. During the period from 1954 to 1958, 553 new state farms were established. The technical equipment of the farms significantly increased. During the period of virgin land cultivation from 1954 to 1960, the number of tractors and combine harvesters in state farms and collective farms in the northern regions increased almost sixfold, while the number of trucks also increased by sixfold. This made it possible to fully mechanize the cultivation process of grain crops and ensure an increase in the level of mechanization of cultivating other agricultural crops. In 1971, the share of crop production in the total gross agricultural output of Kazakhstan was 47.3%, while the share of livestock products was 52.7%.As part of the overall division of labor within the union, Kazakhstan standed out as a leading producer of commercial grain, meat, and wool.